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Keysight Technologies
Essentials of Coherent Optical
Data Transmission
The Concept of Complex Optical Modulation for
More Efficient Data Transfer
Application Note
Introduction
Data centers are being built across the globe enabling medium and smaller size enterprises to also
store and analyze big collections of structured and unstructured data in the cloud, in order to optimize
the supply chain, marketing activities and more. The storage and analysis capacities are in place but
the more critical question is if the infrastructure outside of the data centers can keep up the pace. The
explosively growing amount of data is becoming an enormous challenge for our backbone networks. If
they don't want to become the bottleneck of the future, the spectral efficiency needs to be increased in
fiber optical networks. Today, fiber optical infrastructure and signal concepts need to support data rates
of 100 Gbit/s, soon 400 Gbit/s and even higher. This is a problem for traditionally applied data coding
schemes.
03 | Keysight | Essentials of Coherent Optical Data Transmission - Application Note
The Beginning
Optical data transport started out like the electronic with the
simplest and therefore cheapest digital coding schemes, which are
`return-to-zero' (RZ) or `non-return-to-zero' (NRZ) on-off-keying
(OOK). The signal here is ideally a rectangular sequence of ones
(power-on) and zeros (power-off). This concept faced a limit when
transfer rates reached for 40 Gb/s.
At 40 Gbit/ s and above, an additional limiting factor comes into
the game. Due to the high clock rate, the bandwidth occupied by
the signal gets larger than the channel bandwidth of a 50 GHz
ITU channel. As can be seen in Figure 1, spectrally broadened
channels start to overlap with the neighboring channel and the
signals are shaped by the wavelength filters, resulting in crosstalk
and degradation of the modulated information. At the latest then,
we have to turn our back on OOK and move to more complex
modulation schemes, like differential quadrature phase shift keying
(DQPSK) for example. Complex modulation reduces the required
bandwidth, depending on the symbol clock rate, and higher data
rates can be transmitted again in the 50 GHz- ITU channel as
illustrated in Figure 1 on the example of DQPSK.
RZ or NRZ modulation
(10 Gb/s)
RZ or NRZ modulation
(100 Gb/s)
Channel interference
Simple Simple
hardware hardware
Wide spectrum high CD/PMD impairment
New modulation scheme
DQPSK modulation
(100 Gb/s)
50 GHz 50 GHz
Complex Complex
hardware hardware
Narrow spectrum lower CD/PMD impairment
Figure 1. With OOK, we face channel interference or degradation at 100 Gb/s and beyond; complex modulation schemes can solve this problem
04 | Keysight | Essentials of Coherent Optical Data Transmission - Application Note
Transmitting symbols instead of bits
The fundamental drawback of OOK methods is that on each
channel, only one bit is transferred at a unit time.
This is where complex transmission comes into the game and
demonstrates its huge potential: instead of transmitting a binary
data stream, several bits are coded to a new `symbol' and a
stream of these symbols is transmitted. Figure 2 illustrates this
for 2 bits being coded to one new symbol.
In this way, twice the amount of data can be accommodated in
the same bandwidth.
Original binary data stream
0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
B D A D C C B D B A B D
Symbol alphabet for coding 2 bits per symbol
Figure 2. Coding concept: Use of symbols to represent a series of bits; here two bits are represented by one alphabetic symbol
Of course you can think of schemes where a much larger number
of bits are defined by a single symbol which allows reaching a
data rate many times higher than in conventional on-off keying
(OOK) where a series of ones and zeroes is transmitted.
05 | Keysight | Essentials of Coherent Optical Data Transmission - Application Note
How does this happen in practice?
In OOK the approach is basically, that when the laser source is
turned on, this is interpreted as a one, and when it is turned off,
this reflects a zero. In other terms, when the light amplitude
exceeds a certain level, this is a one and a zero when the
amplitude falls below this level.
But as a light wave is defined by more parameters than just
amplitude, we also have more possibilities to encode
information by using all degrees of freedom of a light wave. Figure
3 shows the mathematical description of the electric field of
an electromagnetic wave with two polarization components Ex
and Ey. These orthogonal components are used in polarization
division multiplexing (PDM) like two different channels to transfer
independent signals. In wavelength division multiplexing (WDM),
different frequencies are applied as different channels for
independent data transfer at these frequencies or wavelengths.
For complex modulation schemes now, additionally to the
amplitude E, the phase of a light wave is modulated for defining
the above described symbols.
Light is a transversal electromagnetic wave
Ex Ex eix i ( t - k z ) I x + iQx i ( t - k z )
E= = iy
e = e
Ey Eye
I y + iQy
Polarization division Phase
multiplexing modulation
Amplitude Frequency (wavelength)
modulation division multiplexing
Use all degrees of freedom to encode information!
Figure 3. Mathematical description of an electromagnetic wave (electric field)
06 | Keysight | Essentials of Coherent Optical Data Transmission - Application Note
How does this happen in practice? (continued)
The electric field of the modulated light wave can also be
described in the complex plane with an I/Q diagram. Here, I is the
in-phase or real part and Q the quadrature or imaginary part as
shown in Figure 4 (after removal of time and space dependency of
the wave and for one polarization plane only).
A symbol corresponds to a point, also called constellation point,
in this diagram also referred to as constellation diagram and is
defined by a Q and an I value or in polar coordinates by amplitude
E and phase . The constellation points correspond to the symbol
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