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5991-3319EN Nanotribology of Hard Thin Film Coatings_ A Case Study Using the G200 Nanoindenter c20131002 [8]


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Nanotribology of Hard Thin Film Coatings:
A Case Study Using the G200 Nanoindenter

Application Note




Introduction                                  is also important in many applications
Thin film coatings are extensively            to understand the deformation behavior
used in various applications, such as         of the film due to lateral movement of
microelectronics, data-storage media,         sharp contacts, which is referred to
surgical tools, biomedical prosthetic         as nanotribology. Most thin film hard
components, machining tools, turbine          coatings should possess two important
blades etc. Along with some functional        characteristics, low coefficient of friction
improvements, these thin coatings also        and a high strength adhesive bonding
significantly enhance the mechanical          with the underlying substrate. In some
reliability of the components. Hard           applications a low wear rate under
thin films provide the resistance             cyclic scratching may also be important,
to mechanical deformation that                but it was not a critical concern for the
the components need during their              thin film with extremely high hardness,
application. With the advancements in         discussed herein. Nanoindentation with
nanomaterials research, new thin film         lateral force measurement capability is
systems -- often only a few 100's of          an ideal tool to address the tribological
nm -- are being developed to improve          characteristics of such thin film materials
the performance of thin coatings in           at nano length scales.
all of these technologically important
areas. Hence, it is becoming more and         Before we discuss the tribological
more important to design new test             properties of a thin hard coating,
methods that addresses the relevant           it is important to differentiate the
deformation mechanisms in thin films,         measurements using a nanoindenter with
which are not suited to be characterized      those performed at micro/macro-scale.
by the conventional test methods and          Tribology being a subject of interest
standards.                                    for long time, there are quite a few
                                              international standards for tribological
Nanoindentation has been a method             measurements, some of which also
of choice to characterize mechanical          include measurement on thin coatings.
properties of small volumes of materials,     However, according to all the standards,
such as thin films. This is especially true   the measurements are performed with
since an analytical method has been           a probe of much larger length scale
proposed to measure the properties            (usually 100's of microns) compared to
of the films without the substrate            the coating material. Although the larger
effect. Besides measuring the elastic         probes enable an optical investigation
modulus and hardness of thin films, it        of the scratched region, the forces
                                                                           (a)                                                                         (b)
   Apparent Elastic Modulus (GPa)




                                                                                     Hardness (GPa)
                                    Displacement Into Surface (nm)                                        Displacement Into Surface (nm)


Figure 1. Continuous stiffness measurement of (a) elastic modulus and (b) hardness for thin film coating on WC-Co substrate. Note the thin film and substrate
have similar elastic modulus, but the thin film is much harder than the substrate. Measured properties in the greyed region (below 50 nm) are artifacts of the
tip shape.



required for scratching a hard coating                      to measure the critical parameters for            as a function of penetration into the
often surpasses any realistic values of                     these thin films. Hence, a nanoindenter,          surface. Details of continuous stiffness
forces these coatings encounter during                      where the force and displacement                  measurement (http://cp.literature.
their operation. The measurements                           are calibrated in compliance with                 agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-4183EN.
with the larger probes are also affected                    international standards is more suitable          pdf) can be found elsewhere [Hay et al.,
by significant deformation of the                           for addressing this need for the future           Experimental Techniques 34, 86



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