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HP 4155A_252C 4156A_252C 41501A Quick Reference


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Parameter Analyzer




Quick Start Guide

c Copyright Hewlett-Packard         Product Warranty                                           Limitation of Warranty
Company 1993
                                    This Hewlett-Packard product is warranted against          The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects
All Right Reserved.                 defects in material and workmanship for a period of        resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by
Reproduction, adaptation, or        one year from date of shipment. During the warranty Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing,
translation without prior written   period, Hewlett-Packard will, at its option, either repair unauthorized modications or misuse, operation outside
permission is prohibited, except as or replace products which prove to be defective.           of the environment specications for the products, or
allowed under the copyright laws.                                                              improper site preparation or maintenance.
                                    Warranty service of this product will be performed at
HP Part Number                      Buyer's facility at no charge within Hewlett-Packard       No other warranty is expressed or implied.
04155-90200                         service travel areas. Outside Hewlett-Packard service      Hewlett-Packard specically disclaims the implied
First edition, September 1993       travel areas, warranty service will be performed at        warranties of merchantability and tness for a
Printed in Japan                    Buyer's facility only upon Hewlett-Packard's prior         particular purpose.
                                    agreement and Buyer shall pay Hewlett-Packard's
                                                                                               Exclusive Remedies
                                    round trip travel expenses. In all other cases, products
                                    must be returned to a service facility designated by       The remedies provided herein are the Buyer's sole and
                                    Hewlett-Packard.                                           exclusive remedies. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable
                                                                                               for any direct, indirect, special, incidental, or
                                    For products returned to Hewlett-Packard for warranty
                                                                                               consequential damages, whether based on contract,
                                    service, Buyer shall prepay shipping charges to
                                                                                               tort, or any other legal theory.
                                    Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard shall pay
                                    shipping charges to return the product to Buyer.           Assistance
                                    However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties,
                                                                                               Product maintenance agreements and other customer
                                    and taxes for products returned to Hewlett-Packard
                                                                                               assistance agreements are available for
                                    from another country.
                                                                                               Hewlett-Packard products.
                                    Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and
                                                                                               For any assistance, contact your nearest
                                    rmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for use with
                                                                                               Hewlett-Packard Sales Oce.
                                    an instrument will execute its programming
                                    instructions when properly installed on that instrument.   Certication
                                    Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation
                                    of the instrument, or software, or rmware will be         Hewlett-Packard Company certies that this product
                                    uninterrupted or error free.                               met its published specications at the time of shipment
                                                                                               [from the factory]. Hewlett-Packard further certies
                                                                                               that its calibration measurements are traceable to the
                                                                                               National Institute of Standards and Technology
                                                                                               (NIST), to the extent allowed by the Institute's
                                                                                               calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of
                                                                                               other International Standards Organization members.

Yokogawa-Hewlett-Packard, Ltd.
9-1, Takakura-cho, Hachioji-shi, Tokyo 192 Japan
HP 4155A and HP 4156A




HP 4155A Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer and HP 4156A Precision
Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer are full automatic and high performance
instruments designed to measure, to display graphically, and to analyze the
dc parameters and characteristics of semiconductor devices such as diodes,
transistors, ICs, solar cells, and wafers during the fabrication process. So you
can evaluate device design, process design, fabrication environments, and so
on with the HP 4155A/4156A.
In semiconductor research and development laboratories, the HP
4155A/4156A provides precise characteristics evaluation, which is an
important step in the development of new high performance devices,
and gives design engineers an easy to use method of device parameter
acquisition|an essential element in computer aided design (CAD).
On the production line, the HP 4155A/4156A provides real-time feedback
on wafer evaluation to improve the semiconductor process and to increase
production yields.
For semiconductor end users, the HP 4155A/4156A is ideal for circuit design
applications and incoming inspection.




                                                                               3
            HP 4155A/4156A|At a Glance




                                                                                 Rotary

                                                                                 knob



Secondary softkeys




  Primary softkeys




      LINE switch



 Flexible disk drive

Keyboard interface




            LINE switch           You use the LINE switch to apply electric power.
            Flexible disk drive   You can use 3.5-inch diskette as the mass storage,
                                  which is inserted in this 
exible disk drive.
            Keyboard interface    You can control the HP 4155A/4156A from keyboard,
                                  which is connected to the keyboard interface, as well
                                  as from the front-panel keys.
            Primary softkeys      You use primary softkeys to move pages and to change
                                  the secondary softkey menu.
            Secondary softkeys    You use secondary softkeys to select variable names,
                                  alternatives, and changing items.
            Rotary knob           You use rotary knob to change the setting value and to
                                  move a marker.




            4
SMU terminals




 Intlk interface

                                      HP 4155A




SMU terminals




Intlk interface
                                      HP 4156A




         SMU terminals     Either voltage or current output is forced from the
                           SMU terminals, and measurement signal is put to the
                           SMU terminals.
         Intlk interface   To prevent you from electric shock, the HP
                           4155A/4156A has interlock function. The signals for
                           the interlock function go through the Intlk interface.




                                                                                    5
In This Guide Book




This guide book is a quick start guide for HP 4155A and HP 4156A. It
introduces a basic measurement and its analysis without a lot of explanation
and details. You can perform the following measurement and analysis through
this guide book:
                                p
  Measuring Vg{ Id characteristics of a MOS FET.
  Analyzing its graph and nding threshold voltage (Vth).
You will nd quick instructions for starting measurements with an HP
4155A/4156A.
Key Conventions.
The following key conventions are used in this guide:
4Front-panel key5  Text shown like this represents a key physically located
                   on the HP 4155A/4156A.
NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

  Softkey          Text shown like this represents a softkey.
Screen Text                         Text printed in this typeface indicates text displayed on
                                    the HP 4155A/4156A.
Bold                                Text shown like this indicates a term dened in the
                                    glossary.
Italic                              Text shown like this referees to a related document, or is
                                    used for emphasis.
Finding Further Information.
This guide book is written for beginners of HP 4155A/4156A. See the
following books for further information on the HP 4155A/4156A:
   HP 4155A/4156A User's Guide (HP part number 04155-90000)
   provides information on how to use the HP 4155A/4156A.
   HP 4155A/4156A Programmer's Guide (HP part number 04155-90100)
   provides information on how to control the HP 4155A/4156A with remote
   commands.
   HP Instrument BASIC Users Handbook (HP part number E2083-90000)
   provides information on how to use HP Instrument BASIC, which is
   programming language built-in the HP 4155A/4156A.


6
Getting Started
Getting Started




This guide introduces how to use HP 4155A Semiconductor Parameter
Analyzer and HP 4156A Precision Semiconductor Parameter Analyzer. Basic
operations of the HP 4155A/4156A are provided.
This guide consists of the following three sections:
 Making a measurement: preparing for measurements and measuring a
  sample device (MOS FET).
 Analyzing a result: analyzing the results graphically and searching for the
  threshold voltage (Vth) of the MOS FET.
 If you have a problem: providing solutions to problems you may
  encounter while using this guide.
Before going to the next page, make sure you have prepared the following:
 HP 4155A or HP 4156A
 HP 16442A test xture
 Test device (n-channel MOS FET, enhancement type)
  In this guide, the test device used is a Siliconix SD214DE.
This guide book assumes that you have already installed
your HP 4155A/4156A. If not, refer to \Installation" in the
HP 4155A/4156A User's Task Guide..




2
Making a Measurement



In this section, you learn how to execute the measurements with an
HP 4155A/4156A and to display the measurement results graphically.
Id-Vg measurement of a MOS FET is provided as an example. You learn
step-by-step how to perform this measurement.
You measure the device under test (DUT) by using the measurement circuit as
shown in the following diagram. SMU2 and SMU3 sweep the same voltage to
the gate and drain. SMU3 measures the drain current (Id). The source and
substrate are connected to circuit common.
You should get result similar to the following gure. Gate voltage Vg (swept
                                         p
from 0 V to 2 V) is assigned to X axis, Id is assigned to Y1 axis, and
    p
  @
@V g Id is assigned to Y2 axis.




                                                                          3
 Getting Started
 Making a Measurement




 Step 1. Prepare for the measurement
 Before executing measurement, congure HP 4155A/4156A and accessories.
 1. Make sure that the HP 4155A/4156A is o.
 2. Connect the HP 16442A test xture to HP 4155A/4156A. See next gure.
 3. If you use the keyboard, connect it to the HP 4155A/4156A.
 When you use the HP 4155A, connect as follows:
 HP 4155A                cable                    HP 16442A          HP 4155A               cable         HP 16442A
      Intlk      (   Interlock/LED
                                        1
                                            )          Intlk          VSU 1             (
                                                                                        Coaxial
                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                      )      VSU 1
     SMU 1        (     Triaxial
                                   2
                                       )        SMU 1 (blue label)    VSU 2             (
                                                                                        Coaxial
                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                      )      VSU 2
     SMU 2        (     Triaxial
                                   2
                                       )        SMU 2 (blue label)    VMU 1             (
                                                                                        Coaxial
                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                      )     VMU 1
     SMU 3        (     Triaxial
                                   2
                                       )        SMU 3 (blue label)    VMU 2             (
                                                                                        Coaxial
                                                                                                  3
                                                                                                      )     VMU 2
     SMU 4        (     Triaxial
                                   2
                                       )        SMU 4 (blue label)

 1   Interlock/LED cable: HP 16493J
 2   Triaxial cable: HP 16493C. You do not need to connect SMU4 for this measurement.
 3   Coaxial cable: HP 16493B. You do not need to connect VSUs and VMUs for this measurement.



                                                                                HP 16442A
Triaxial cable




                                                                                                          Coaxial cable

                                                                                                          Interlock/LED
                                                                                                          cable


                                                                                            HP 4155A



                                       Connecting HP 4155A to HP 16442A Test Fixture




 4
                                                                                                              Getting Started
                                                                                                     Making a Measurement




          When you use the HP 4156A, connect as follows:
             HP 4156A                  cable              HP 16442A      HP 4156A                cable              HP 16442A
                  Intlk       (   Interlock/LED
                                                  1
                                                      )       Intlk         VSU 1           (  Coaxial
                                                                                                         3
                                                                                                             )           VSU 1
                 SMU 1        (   Kelvin triaxial
                                                    2
                                                      )     SMU 1           VSU 2           (  Coaxial
                                                                                                         3
                                                                                                             )           VSU 2
                 SMU 2        (   Kelvin triaxial
                                                    2
                                                      )     SMU 2          VMU 1            (  Coaxial
                                                                                                         3
                                                                                                             )        VMU 1
                 SMU 3        (   Kelvin triaxial
                                                    2
                                                      )     SMU 3          VMU 2            (  Coaxial
                                                                                                         3
                                                                                                             )        VMU 2

             1   Interlock/LED cable: HP 16493J
             2   Kelvin triaxial cable: HP part number 04155-61602
             3   Coaxial cable: HP 16493B. You do not need to connect VSUs and VMUs for this measurement.



                                                                                 HP 16442A
Kelvin triaxial cable




                                                                                                                 Coaxial cable
                                                                                                                 Interlock/LED
                                                                                                                 cable


                                                                                            HP 4156A



                                         Connecting HP 4156A to HP 16442A Test Fixture




                                                                                                                                 5
 Getting Started
 Making a Measurement




 Step 2. Mount your DUT on the test xture
 1. Select a suitable socket module for your DUT.
 2. Mount the socket module on the test xture.



                                                      Socket module




HP 16442A Test Fixture




 3. Mount your DUT on the socket module.
 4. Make connections with four connection cables (miniature banana { pin
    plug).
    You make the following connections:
      Source|SMU1
      Gate|SMU2
      Drain|SMU3
      Substrate|SMU1
    Both the source and substrate terminals are connected to SMU1.
 5. After nishing connections, shut the lid of the test xture.




 6
                                                                                    Getting Started
                                                                           Making a Measurement




                                                                               DUT

Connection cables

                                                                                Gate


                                                                               Drain

                                                                                Source

                                                                                Substrate




                                       Wiring for HP 4155A

                     For this measurement by the HP 4156A, non-Kelvin connections are used. So,
                     connect only the force terminals as shown in the following gure:




                                                                              DUT
 Connection cables


                                                                               Gate

                                                                               Drain

                                                                               Source

                                                                               Substrate




                                       Wiring for HP 4156A




                                                                                                  7
            Getting Started
            Making a Measurement




            Step 3. Dene the channel assignments
            You set the connection information on the CHANNELS: CHANNEL
            DEFINITION page.
            1. Switch on the HP 4155A/4156A. Self-test starts.
            2. After self-test is nished, make sure that CHANNELS: CHANNEL
               DEFINITION page appears on the screen of the HP 4155A/4156A. If not,
               press 4Chan5 front-panel key.

CHANNELS: CHANNEL DEFINITION page




     MEASUREMENT MODE



                                                                            Secondary

                                                                            softkeys




                                              Primary softkeys




            3. Make sure that SWEEP is displayed in the MEASUREMENT MODE eld. If
                          NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

               not, select SWEEP secondary softkey in the MEASUREMENT MODE eld.
            4. Set the connection information in the CHANNELS table as follows:




            8
                                                                                                                                      Getting Started
                                                                                                                             Making a Measurement




                     Action                                                 on Front Panel                                     on Keyboard
To move the pointer,                          use 4   (5 4)5 4*5 4+5
                                                           ,           ,       , or            of MARKER/CURSOR   use 465, 475, 485, or 495.
                                              area.

To move the cursor to edit in display area,   use 4   (5 4)5   or            of Edit area.                        use 4Backspace5 key.

To enter \VS" in VNAME eld,
                                                   V    " S
                                              press 4. 5 , 4+ 5 , then 4Enter5.
                                                                               n                                  type   VS, then   press 4Enter5.

To enter \IS" in INAME eld,
                                                       I
                                              press 4* 5 ,
                                                                ? S4
                                                                    +         5n   , then 4Enter5.                type   IS, then   press 4Enter5.
                                                       FFFFFFFFFF
To set \V" in the MODE eld,                  select   V            secondary softkey.                            press 4Shift5-4F15 keys.
                                                       FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To set \VAR1' " in FCTN eld,                 select   VAR1'               secondary softkey.                     press 4Shift5-4F45 keys.
                                                       FFFFFFFFFFFFF
To set \VAR1" in FCTN eld,                   select   VAR1            secondary softkey.                         press 4Shift5-4F25 keys.
                                                       FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To disable a unit,                            select   DISABLE UNIT                          secondary softkey.   press 4Shift5-4F75 keys.




                                                                                                                                                     9
                   Getting Started
                   Making a Measurement




                   Step 4. Dene the user functions
                   You dene the user functions on the CHANNELS: USER FUNCTION
                   DEFINITION page.
                   1. Select USER FCTN primary softkey. The CHANNELS: USER FUNCTION
                            NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN




                      DEFINITION page appears.
                   2. Enter the user function information in the table as follows:

CHANNELS: USER FUNCTION DEFINITION page




                   You enter the following two user functions:
                                                            p
                                       SQID = Id
                                                             @               @     p
                                    DSQID =                        SQID =              Id
                                                            @ Vg            @ Vg
                   Where, Id is drain current and Vg is gate voltage.




                   10
                                                                                                                                                        Getting Started
                                                                                                                                               Making a Measurement




                       Action                                                           on Front Panel                                            on Keyboard
To move the pointer,                                     use 4   (5 4)5 4*5 4+5
                                                                       ,            ,     , or            of MARKER/CURSOR           use 465, 475, 485, or 495.
                                                         area.



To move the cursor to edit in display area,              use 4   (5 4)5    or           of Edit area.                                use 4Backspace5 key.



To enter \SQID" in NAME eld,                            press
                                                                  S4
                                                                     +
                                                                                n
                                                                            5 , Q 42 5' , I 4* 5? , D 4/ 5; , then                   type   SQID, then   press 4Enter5.
                                                         4Enter5.



To enter \SQRT(ID)"
                                1
                                    in DEFINITION        press
                                                                  S4 5 , Q 42 5' , R 43 5 , T 4p 5% , 4 5
                                                                     +
                                                                                n                           j                        type   SQRT(ID), then      press
eld,                                                               A    [ FFFFFFF B    ]
                                                         (blue key), 4( 5 , ID , 4) 5 , then 4Enter5.                                4Enter5.



To enter \DSQID " in NAME eld,                          press
                                                               D 4 5; , S 4 5 , Q 4 5' , I 4 5? , D 4 5; ,
                                                                  /        +       2
                                                                                           n*        /                               type   DSQID, then   press 4Enter5.
                                                         then 4Enter5.



To enter \DIFF(SQID,VG)"
                                         2                                                              f               f
                                                              D 4 5; , I 4 5? , F 4 5 , F 4 5 , 4 5 (blue type DIFF(SQID,VG), then press
                                                                                                                    n
                                             in          press    /       *        7         7
DEFINITION eld,                                              A     [                  S        Q
                                                         key), 4( 5 , 4 5 (blue key), 4+ 5 , 42 5 ,
                                                                                                         '  4Enter5.
                                                         I 4 5? , D 4 5; , 4 5 (blue key), X 4 5 , FFFFFFF,
                                                           *                /                       VG             ,
                                                                                                                        >
                                                         B 4 5] , then 4
                                                            )           Enter5.



                                                                  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To disable a user function,                              select   DISABLE FUNCTION                                 secondary softkey. press 4Shift5-4F75 key.

 1   Square root operator (
                              p ) is dened by \SQRT" built-in function.
 2   Partial dierence ( @ ) is dened by \DIFF" built-in function.
                        @




                                                                                                                                                                          11
        Getting Started
        Making a Measurement




        Step 5. Set up the measurement parameters
        You set the output parameters on the MEASURE: SWEEP SETUP page.
        1. Press 4Meas5 front-panel key. The MEASURE: SWEEP SETUP page appears.

MEASURE: SWEEP SETUP page




                                                                   VAR1'
      VAR1 information
                                                                   information




        2. Set the VAR1 information as follows:




        12
                                                                                                                   Getting Started
                                                                                                          Making a Measurement




                               Drain voltage sweeps from 0 V to 2 V with 10 mV step. The current
                               compliance is set to 100 mA.

                  Action                                                on Front Panel                      on Keyboard
To move the pointer,                      use 4   (5 4)5 4*5 4+5
                                                       ,          ,        , or     .        use 465, 475, 485, or 495.
                                                   FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To set \SINGLE " in SWEEP MODE eld,      select   SINGLE               secondary softkey.   press 4Shift5-4F15 keys.
                                                   FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To set \LINEAR " in LIN/LOG eld,         select   LINEAR               secondary softkey.   press 4Shift5-4F15 keys.

To enter \2.000    V" in                           Q 4 5' , then 4                                  2,
                           STOP eld,     press       2           Enter5.                    type        then press 4Enter5.

To enter \10.00    mV" in   STEP eld,
                                               P    $ U    # E    @
                                          press 41 5 , 40 5 , 4m 5 , then 4Enter5. type             10m, then   press 4Enter5.



                           3. Set the VAR1' information as follows:




                               To force the same voltage to the drain and gate, set RATIO = 1 and
                               OFFSET = 0. Because VAR1' is dened as follows:
                                  (V AR1 output) = RAT IO 2 (V AR1 output) + OF F SET
                                          0




                  Action                                                on Front Panel                      on Keyboard
To enter \0.000    V" in   OFFSET eld,
                                               U    #
                                          press 40 5 , then 4Enter5.                         type   0,   then press 4Enter5.

To enter \1.000 " in RATIO eld,
                                               P    $
                                          press 41 5 , then 4Enter5.                         type   1,   then press 4Enter5.




                                                                                                                                 13
       Getting Started
       Making a Measurement




       Step 6. Set up the results display
       You set the results display information on the DISPLAY: DISPLAY SETUP page.
       1. Press 4Display5 front-panel key. The DISPLAY: DISPLAY SETUP page
          appears.

DISPLAY: DISPLAY SETUP page




      DISPLAY MODE




       2. Make sure GRAPHICS is displayed in the DISPLAY MODE eld. If not,
                NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

          select GRAPHIC secondary softkey in the DISPLAY MODE eld.
       3. Set the X-, Y1-, and Y2-axes information as follows:




       14
                                                                                                                                         Getting Started
                                                                                                                                Making a Measurement




                 Action                                                on Front Panel                                             on Keyboard
                                                  FFFFFFFFFF
To enter \VG" in NAME eld,              select   VG           secondary softkey.                                  press 4Shift5-4F35 keys.
                                                  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To set \LINEAR " in SCALE eld,          select   LINEAR               secondary softkey.                          press 4Shift5-4F15 keys.

To enter \0.00000    V"                           U 4 5#, then 4                                                          0,
                          in MIN eld,   press       0          Enter5.                                            type        then press 4Enter5.

To enter \2.00000    V"   in MAX eld,
                                              Q    '
                                         press 42 5 , then 4Enter5.                                                type   2,   then press 4Enter5.
                                                  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF          FFFFFFFFFFFFF
To enter \SQID" in NAME eld,            select   MORE 1/2 ,                 then   SQID            secondary      press 4Shift5-4F75 keys, then
                                         softkeys.                                                                 4Shift5-4F35 keys.

To enter \0.00000    A"                           U 4 5#, then 4                                                          0,
                          in MIN eld,   press       0          Enter5.                                            type        then press 4Enter5.

To enter \100.000mA" in MAX eld,
                                              P    $ U    # U    # E    @
                                         press 41 5 , 40 5 , 40 5 , 4m 5 , then                                    type   100m, then    press 4Enter5.
                                         4Enter5.
                                                  FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF          FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
To enter \DSQID " in NAME eld,          select   MORE 1/2 ,                 then   DSQID              secondary   press 4Shift5-4F75 keys, then
                                         softkeys.                                                                 4Shift5-4F45 keys.




                                                                                                                                                         15
Getting Started
Making a Measurement




Step 7. Execute the measurement
     Press 4Single5 front-panel key to execute the measurement.

                                             [Single] key




You should get measurement results similar to the following gure.




16
Analyzing the Results



In the previous section, you measured the drain current (Id) while performing
a synchronous sweep of the gate voltage (Vg) and drain voltage (Vd). And the
measurement results were drawn graphically on the screen.
In this section, you analyze the measurement results on the graph and search
threshold voltage (Vth) of the DUT.
The basic algorithm to search for the threshold voltage is:
                                      p                     @
                                                              p
1. Assign gate voltage (Vg) to X-axis, Id to Y1-axis, and @V g Id to Y2-axis.
                                        p
2. Search for the maximum value of @V g Id curve, which is also the point
                                       @
                          p
   where the gradient of Id curve is maximum.
                                                         p
3. Draw a tangent line to the point where the gradient of Id curve is
   maximum.
4. Read the X-coordinate value where the tangent line crosses the X-axis.
   This value is threshold value (Vth).



                                                        Tangent




                                 Vth




                                                                            17
               Getting Started
               Analyzing the Results




               Find the threshold voltage
               1. Make sure that MARKER/CURSOR primary softkey is highlighted. If not,
                                          NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN



                              NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

                  select the MARKER/CURSOR primary softkey.




MARKER/CURSOR primary softkey




               18
                                                                    Getting Started
                                                            Analyzing the Results




                NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

   2. Select MARKER secondary softkey so that ON appears on the softkey.
            NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

      The MARKER softkey is highlighted, and the markers appears on the
      measurement curve.

                                                                   MARKER
                                                                   secondary

                                                                   softkey




              Marker




                NNNNNNNNNNNNNN

   3. Select AXIS primary softkey so that Y2 appears on the softkey. The Y2
      axis is highlighted.




AXIS primary softkey




                                                                                 19
    Getting Started
    Analyzing the Results




               NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

    4. Select MARKER MIN/MAX secondary softkey until the * marker moves to
       the maximum point on the Y2 curve. The o marker (on Y1 curve) also
       moves to same X-axis point, which is maximum gradient of Y1 curve.


                                                                  MARKER
                                                                  MIN/MAX

                                                                  secondary

                                                                  softkey

          Marker *




          Marker o




               NNNNNNNNNNNNNN

    5. Select AXIS primary softkey so that Y1 appears on the softkey. The Y1
       axis is highlighted.




            Y1 axis




AXIS primary softkey




    20
                                                                        Getting Started
                                                                Analyzing the Results




                         NNNNNNNNNNNNNN

     6. Select LINE primary softkey. The secondary softkey menu changes.




                                                                        Secondary
                                                                        softkeys




LINE primary softkey




                         NNNNNNNNNNNNNN

     7. Select LINE secondary softkey so that ON appears on the softkey. The
        NNNNNNNNNNNNNN

        LINE softkey is highlighted, and a vertical line appears in the center of
        the plotting area.



                                                                        LINE
                                                                        secondary

                                                                        softkey
                         Line




                                                                                     21
       Getting Started
       Analyzing the Results




                  NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN

       8. Select TANGENT MODE secondary softkey. The line becomes tangent to the
          o marker of the Y1 curve.




                                                                         A tangent




                                                                         TANGENT
                                                                         MODE
              Marker o                                                   secondary
                                                                         softkey




Threshold voltage (Vth)




       Read the X-axis intercept value of the tangent line. This is the threshold
       voltage (Vth). In the example above, Vth is 935 mV.




       22
If You Have a Problem



This section describes how to solve the following unexpected problems:
 If HP 4155A/4156A cannot be powered on
 If display page does not appear after applying power
 If HP 16442A test xture is not stable




                                                                         23
Getting Started
If You Have a Problem




If HP 4155A/4156A cannot be powered on
     Check that the power cable is rmly connected to HP 4155A/4156A and to
     power outlet.
     Check that the front-panel LINE switch is on.
     Check that the voltage selector switch is set properly.
     The voltage selector switch is located in the lower-right corner of the rear
     panel. The following table shows the line voltage selector setting.

      Line Voltage Position
       84-124 Vac     left
      200-248 Vac    right



  Check that the fuse is good.
  The fuse holders located in the lower-right corner of the rear panel.
1. Turn the HP 4155A/4156A o and disconnect the power cable from the
   power outlet.
2. Unscrew the fuse holder on the rear panel.
3. Inspect that the correct fuse is installed, and wire inside the fuse is not
   broken by using a rester.

             Line             Fuse Type            HP Part Number
         110/120 Vac Time-delay type 8A, 250 Vac      2110-0383
         220/240 Vac Time-delay type 4A, 250 Vac      2110-0014



4. Replace the fuse, if necessary. Then, screw in the fuse holder.
5. Turn the HP 4155A/4156A on.




24
                                                                    Getting Started
                                                           If You Have a Problem




If display page does not appear after applying power
   If HP 41501 is installed, rst turn on the HP 41501, then turn on
   HP 4155A/4156A.
   If the self-test fails, see \If You Have a Problem" in the HP 4155A/4156A
   User's Task Guide.




If HP 16442A test xture is not stable
   Install stabilizers on the HP 16442A.
   For this procedure, see \Installation" in the HP 4155A/4156A User's Task
   Guide.
   If you use the HP 16442A test xture with HP 16440A selector or
   HP 16441A R-BOX, attach HP 16442A to HP 16440A or HP 16441A by
   using plates and screws.
   For this procedure, see \Installation" in the HP 4155A/4156A User's Task
   Guide.




                                                                                 25
Getting Started
If You Have a Problem



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