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Agilent AN 1316
Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer
Amplitude Accuracy
Application Note




RF & Microwave Spectrum Analyzers
     Table of Contents




 3   Introduction
 3   Absolute versus relative measurements
 4   Factors affecting measurement uncertainty
 4   Sources of uncertainty
 5   Relative amplitude uncertainty factors
 7   Absolute amplitude uncertainty factors
 8   Calculating total uncertainty
 8   Examples
13   Errors
13   Overall amplitude accuracy
14   Reducing overall uncertainty
16   Summary
16   References
Introduction                                           Absolute versus relative
                                                       measurements


This application note covers the factors affecting     Amplitude measurements are either absolute
the accuracy (or uncertainty) of amplitude meas-       (Figure 1) or relative (Figure 2). Absolute ampli-
urements made with spectrum analyzers, and             tude is the power or voltage level of a signal. For
explains how to calculate worst-case uncertainty in    example, measuring the power level of a carrier in
general situations. It will help you analyze a meas-   dBm is an absolute measurement. Relative ampli-
urement and decide what procedure to follow to         tude is the difference between two levels, typically
minimize overall uncertainty. Also, you will learn     expressed in dB. Relative measurements use one
the most important accuracy-related features and       signal or signal component as a reference. For
specifications to consider when choosing a spec-       example, a harmonic distortion measurement uses
trum analyzer. This note does not cover specialized    the fundamental as the reference, and the harmon-
measurement procedures for certain types of sig-       ic is usually measured in dBc (decibels relative to
nals that introduce additional sources of uncer-       the carrier level). Most spectrum analyzer applica-
tainty, such as noise, pulsed RF, and EMI. Refer to    tions involve relative amplitude measurements.
the References for additional reading.




Figure 1. Absolute measurement (one signal level       Figure 2. Relative measurement (difference between
measured with a single marker)                         two signal levels measured with the delta marker)




                                                                                                            3
Factors affecting measurement uncertainty




Let's look first at the factors affecting measure-            Table 1 lists the amplitude uncertainty factors of a
ment uncertainty. Later sections will show how to             typical spectrum analyzer. The range of values for
calculate the uncertainty of an amplitude measure-            each factor covers a variety of spectrum analyzers.
ment by considering each of these factors, and how            Most spectrum analyzers have specifications for both
to obtain the best accuracy for a measurement.                absolute and relative uncertainties. Since relative
                                                              uncertainties affect the accuracy of both relative and
Sources of uncertainty                                        absolute measurements, let's look first at those fac-
The simplified block diagram in Figure 3 shows                tors affecting relative measurement uncertainty.
the elements of a typical spectrum analyzer. Some
of these elements can contribute uncertainty to               Table 1. Amplitude Uncertainty Factors
amplitude measurements. These contributions are               Relative                           

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