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HP-Bench-Briefs-1978-05-10


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                                                                                                 MAY-OCTOBER 1978




                                           frequency desired.
                                                                                     oscflator, capture and weiock to
                                                      the two methods,               chaagefrequemy. TypitxtMy it's on #Fe
                                                      more expensive and             ~ o f l t 0 2 m .



                                           587118 time. RWy, the swkh ierolation
                  pass through a bank of   must be good enough t reduce ttw
                                                                o                                IN THIS ISSUE
                  w tuned in 1 Mwt in-     pOSSb&j& Of SpUfiOUS    Wm&. The
                                                                                             NEW APPLICATION NOTES
                   d&red frequency is                    direct synthesis is
                                                                                                BLUE TAG REPAIR
                                                                                               LOGIC SYMBOLOG'I
                                                                                             SAFETY SERVICE NOTES
                                           On the other hand, due t the exten-
                                                                   o


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                                                 WWW.,H PARCHIVE.COM
    PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
    PRINCIPLE
                                               with no reference signal input, the
                                               VCO will oscillate at a fixed frequency
                                               determined by the design of the loop
                                                                                           locked. In fact. the lowoass filter volt-
                                                                                           age is the demodulated output when
                                                                                           the incoming signal is frequency mod-
                                                                                                                                       a
    Now that you understand the why of         (fc). This is an important point to note:   ulated (provided the controlled oscil-
    phase-locked loops, let's examine the      the VCO will produce an output even if      lator has a linear voltage-to-frequency
    how. The classic definition of a phase-    the loop isn't locked. If the 10 MHz        transfer characteristic). The syn-
    locked loop (PLL) is a feedback sys-       signal is now applied to the phase de-      chronous reception of radio signals
    tem whose function is to force a           tector's reference input in our exam-       using PLL techniques was described
    voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) to     ple, and the VCO is leading in phase        in the early thirties as the "homodyne"
    be coherent with a certain frequency.      relative to the reference input, the        receiver.
    By "coherent", we mean highly corre-       phase detector/loop filter will respond
    lated in both frequency and phase.                                                     Another way of describing the opera-
                                               by supplying a voltage to the VCO           tion of the PLL is to observe that the
    There are many variations of phase-        such that the VCOs output frequency         phase detector is actually a mixer cir-
    locked loops, but an elementary loop       will decrease. As the VCOs frequency        cuit that mixes the input signal with the
    consists of a phase detector, low-pass     lowers, the phase lag between the ref-      VCO signal. This mix produces the
    filter and voltage-controlled oscillator   erence input and the VCO will de-           sum and difference frequencies (fi+fo)
    shown in Figure 2.                         crease until the PLL is locked. This is     shown in Figure 2. When the loop is in
                                                                                           lock, the VCO duplicates the input
                                                                                           frequency so that the difference fre-
                                                                                           quency component (fi-fo) is zero, and
                                                                                           the output of the phase comparator is
                                                                                           a dc value proportionate to the phase
                                                                                           difference. The low-pass filter
                                                                                           removes the sum frequency compo-
                                                                                           nent (fi+fo), but passes the dc com-
                                                                                           ponent which is fed to the VCO.
                            -
    LOOP OPERATION The frequency               shown more clearly in the timing dia-
    at which the VCO oscillates is deter-      gram of Figure 3. Once in lock, the         LOCK AND CAPTURE - The range
    mined by the control voltage applied to    VCO frequency is identical to the input     of frequencies over which the PLL can
    its input. The frequency range over        signal except for a finite phase differ-    track an input signal is defined as the
    which the VCO can be tuned and the         ence, This net phase difference is          "lock range" of the system (refer to
    relationship between control voltage       necessary to generate the corrective        Figure 4). The band of frequencies
    and output frequency are determined        error voltage (vd) to shift the VCO fre-    over which the PLL can acquire lock
    by the design of the VCO. The phase        quency from its free-running value to       with an incoming signal is known as
    detector compares the phase differ-        the input signal frequency (fi) and,        the `'capture range" of the system is
    ence between the input reference sig-      thus, keep the PLL in lock. This self-      never greater than the lock range.
    nal and the output of the VCO, then        correcting ability of the system also       Stated another way, the PLL can track
    generates a voltage (or current) pro-      allows the PLL to track the frequency       or maintain lock on an input signal be-
    portional to the error. The phase error    changes of the input signal once it is      yond the capture range. Note that the
    voltage is passed through a low-pass
    filter which suppresses noise and any
    high frequency signal components. If
    the phase changes, indicating the
    incoming frequency is changing, the
    phase detector output voltage
    increases or decreases just enough to
    keep the oscillator frequency the same
    as the incoming frequency. The action
    of the loop then, is to slew the fre-
%   quency of the VCO until the phase
    error is at a steady dc value and the
    two frequencies "track."
    Looking a little closer at the action of
    the loop, assume that the input refer-
    ence is a 10 MHz signal from a very
    stable source. We want to produce a
     10 MHz signal which is the same fre-
    quency as the 10 MHz reference. With
    the loop connected as in Figure 2 but
                        *        ..
                                                          ,WWW.HPARCHlVE.COM
                                                                                                 track with a fixed (or programmable)
                                                                                                 offset, or to stabilize a receiver's local
                                                                                                 oscillator (LO) to some standard crys-
                                                                                                 tal oscillator.

                                                                                                 Phase detectors can be designed to
                                                                                                 compare the reference signal with a
                                                                                                 VCO signal which is a harmonic of the
                                                                                                 reference. For example, if the refer-
                                                                                                 ence is 10 MHz and the VCO operates
                                                                                                 close to 100 MHz, the loop can tune
                                                                                                 the VCO to exactly 10 times the refer-
,
I                                                                                                ence. However, the capture range of
        low-pass filter primarily determines the     It is important to distinguish capture      the loop must contain only one har-
        capture range along with the design of       range from the lock range. "Lock            monic of the reference or the loop
        the loop.                                    range" is defined as "the frequency         could lock on the wrong harmonic.
                                                     range centered about the VCO initial
        Consider the case where the loop is          free-running frequency over which the       Many refinements can be added to the
        not yet in lock. The phase detector                                                      simple PLL shown in Figure 2 which
                                                     loop can track the input signal once
        mixes the input and VCO signals to                                                       would increase its versatiljty and use-
                                                     lock has been achieved."
        produce sum and difference frequency                                                     fulness to do some of the things men-
        components. However, the difference          When the loop is in lock, the difference    tioned above.
        component falls outside the band             frequency component at the output of
        edge of the low-pass filter and is           the phase detector (error voltage) is dc    PRETUNING - The phase detector
        removed along with the sum fre-              and will always be passed by the low-       error voltage usually is limited in tun-
        quency component. In this case, no in-       pass filter. Thus, the lock range is lim-   ing the VCO over a relatively small

    c
        formation is transmitted around the          ited by the range of error voltage that     frequency range. When the VCO must
        loop and the VCO remains at its initial      can be generated and the correspond-        be tuned over a wide frequency range,
        free-running frequency. As the input         ing VCO frequency deviation pro-            pretuning .is used. Pretuning is
        frequency approaches that of the             duced. The lock range is essentially a      accomplished by summing a dc volt-
        VCO, the frequency of the difference         dc parameter and is not affected by         age, which can vary over a wide
        component decreases and ap-                  the band edge of the low-pass filter.       range, with the phase detector output
        proaches the band edge of the low-                                                       which varies over a small range, and
        pass filter. Now some of the difference                                                  using the combined voltage to tune the
        component is passed, which tends to          ONWARD TO SYNTHESIZERS                      VCO. The pretuning voltage comes
        drive the VCO towards the frequency                                                      from a Digital-to-Analog (D/A) conver-
        of the input signal. This, in turn, de-      Thus far, only an ideal phase-locked
                                                     loop of the tracking filter-type has        ter which is programmed by digital
        creases the frequency of the differ-                                                     data representing the frequency to
        ence component and allows more in-           been discussed. While this type of
                                                     loop makes an excellent example to          which the VCO is to be tuned. The pre-
        formation to be transmitted through                                                      tuning voltage "coarse tunes" the
        the low-pass filter to the VCO. This is      demonstrate how the loop works, its
                                                     applications are rather specialized and     VCO close to the desired frequency
        essentially a positive feedback mech-                                                    and the phase detector then "fine
        anism which causes the VCO to snap           of narrow scope, since the input and
                                                     output frequencies are the same. The        tunes" the VCO to lock the loop. The
        into lock with the input signal. With this                                               phase detector keeps the loop locked
        mechanism in mind, the term "capture         more common case, especially at
                                                     microwave frquencies, is one where it        by adjusting for small variations in
        range" is defined as "the frequency                                                      VCO frequency. See Figure 5.
        range centered about the VCO initial         is desired to lock the frequency of an
        free-running frequency over which the        oscillator to an offset frequency from
        loop can acquire lock with the input         another signal. It may, for example, be     DIVIDER IN FEEDBACK PATH (IN
                                                     necessary to stabilize a YIG oscillator     LOOP) - This technique provides a
        signal." The capture range is a meas-
        ure of how close the input signal must       to a fixed offset from a standard cavity    way of stepping the VCO in fine in-
                                                     oscillator, or to force two sweepers to     crements, or of effectively setting the
        be in frequency to that of the VCO to
        acquire lock. The capture range can
        assume any value within the lock
        range and depends primarily upon the
        band edge of the low-pass filter to-
        gether with the closed-loop gain of the
        system. It is this signal-capturing
         phenomenon which gives the loop its
        frequency selective properties.
                                                                                                          ..

                                                            WWW.HPARCHIVE.COM
VCO to a higher multiple of the refer-
ence frequency (asshown inRgure 6).
                                             D/A converter. If that checks out, then
                                             look at the input, phase detector, filter,
                                                                                            LOOP GAIN - The Droduct of the dc
                                                                                            gains of all the loop elements, in units
                                                                                                                                       a
In this case the output of the VCO           and associated circuitry.                      of (sec)-1.
drives a programmabledivider and the
output of this divider is the input to the   PHASE-LOCKED LOOP                              LOOP NOISE BANDWIDTH              -     A
phase detector. The operation of this        TERMINOLOGY                                    loop property related to damping and
circuit can best be described by an                                                         natural frequency which describes the
example. The input reference signal is       The following is a brief glossary of           effective bandwidth of the received
100 kHz and we want the VCO to tune          terms encountered in PLL literature.           signal. Noise and signal components
between 29.6 MHz and 19.8 MHz in             CAPTURE RANGE - Although the                   outside this band are greatly
0.1 MHz steps. The programmable di-          l will remain in lock throughout its
                                              m                                             attenuated.
vider can divide by whole numbers            lock range, it may not be able to ac-                               -
                                                                                            LOW-PASS FILTER A IOW-P~SS            fil-
from 198 through 296. The digital data       quire lock at the tracking range ex-           ter in the loop which permits only dc
input to the divider specifies the           tremes (Le., capture range is smaller          and low frequency voltages to travel
divide-by number.                            than lock range). The range over               around the loop. It controls the capture
                                                                                            range, noise and out-band signal re-
                                                                                            jection characteristics.
                                                                                            PHASE DETECTOR GAIN FACTOR
                                                                                            - The conversion factor between the
                                                                                            phase detector output voltage and the
                                                                                            phase difference between input and
                                                                                            VCO signals in voltslradian. At low
                                                                                            input signal amplitudes, the gain is
                                                                                            also a function of input level.
                                                                                            PHASE DETECTOR -A circuit which
                                                                                            compares the input and VCO signals
when we want the VCO to output 20.0          which the loop can acquire lock with           and produces an error voltage which is
MHz, the divider would be pro-               the input signal is termed capture             dependent upon their relative phase
grammed to divide by 200. When the           range, sometimes called the LOCK-IN            difference. This error signal corrects
VCO reached 20.0 MHz, the output of          RANGE. (The latter refers to how               the VCO frequency during tracking.
the divider would be 100 kHz (20             close a signal must be to the center           Also called PHASE COMPARATOR.
MHz+200=100 kHz). The phase de-              frequency before acquisition can               A MULTIPLIER or MIXER is often
tector would see both its inputs at 100      occur and is thus one-half the capture         used as a phase detector.
kHz and the loop would be locked. If         range.)
the VCO were too high in frequency,                                                         QUADRATURE PHASE DETECTOR
                                             CURRENT CONTROLLED OSCIL-                      -A phase detector operated in quad-
the divided signal would also be too         LATOR (CCO) - An oscillator similar
high and the phase detector would                                                           rature (90"out of phase) with the loop
                                             to a VCO in which the frequency is             phase detector. It is used primarily for
tune the VCO down in frequency until
                                             determined by an applied current.              AM demodulation and lock detection.
the loop locked. Increasingor decreas-
ing the divide number by one will                                    -
                                             DAMPING FACTOR The standard                    VCO CONVERSION GAIN - The
increase or decrease the VCO fre-            damping constant of a second order             conversion factor between VCO fre-
quency by 0.1 MHz which is the               feedback system. In the case of the            quency and control voltage in
minimum step size of this loop. This         PLL, it refers to the ability of the loop to   radiandsecondvolt.
type of PLL is often called an N loop        respond quickly to an input frequency
because of the divide-by-N method of         step without excessive overshoot.              VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCIL-
generating output frequencies.               FREE-RUNNING FREQUENCY -
                                                                                            LATOR (VCO)     - An oscillator whose
                                                                                            frequency is determined by an applied
                                             Also called the CENTER FRE-                    control voltage.
TROUBLESHOOTING TIPS                         QUENCY, this is the frequency at
                                             which the loop VCO operates when
A malfunctioning PLL is difficult to         not locked to an input signal.                           Acknowledgments
troubleshoot due to the fact it's a posi-
                                             LOCK RANGE - The range of input                   I would like to extend a special
tive feedback-type loop. The most
common method of troubleshooting is          frequencies over which the loop will              thanks to Helmut Diener, Instru-
to open the loop and check the indi-         remain in lock. It is also called the             ment Repair Technician on the
vidual circuits. For example, about all      TRACKING RANGE Or HOLD-IN                         8660A/B, and Gary Sprader,
                                             RANGE. (The latter refers to how far              Service Engineer on the
you can do with the circuit shown in
                                             the loop frequency can be deviated                8660A/B, for their patience and
Figure 5 is ground the output of the
                                             from the center frequency and is one-             the help they gave me in putting
filter, then check the VCO output at the
                                             half the lock range.)                             this article toaether.
various frequencies dictated by the


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                                                                  A P PLI CA T I 0N NOTES




Fundamentals of the Electronic
Counten, (Application Note 200) dis-            MEiWL
cusses fundamentals of the conven-
tional counter, the types of meas-
u h n t s it can'perform and the im-
portrwrt wnsiderations that have sig-
nificant impact on measurement accu-
racy and performance.

Various types of measurements used
in conventional counters are dis-
cussed including Frequency, Period,
Frequency Ratio, Time Interval, and
Totalizing. One chapter focuses on
counters that use the reciprocal tech-
nique, with other chapters covering
Time Interval and Microwave
Counters.                                                                                   I,




                                      -
             FUNDAMENTALS OF THE
             ELECTRONIC COUNTERS

                  *pRID*IIou   NOTE




                                           Should one o your HP instruments
                                                         f                         yuu   and attached to any instrument
                                           need repair, the HP Instrument Repair   being sent to HP for repair. Increased
                                           Organization is always ready to serve   repair efficiency and reduced turn-
                                           you. Toward this end, we are promot-    around time are our goals. Please help
                                           ing the use of the "Blue Repair Tag."   us help you. Ask your HP representa-
                                           These tags are available from your HP   tive for some of these cards today.
                                           representative, and are filled out by


                                                                                   computes its own measurement un-
                                                                                   certainty at each cardinal frequency by
Extended Applications of Auto-                                                     using stored calibration data for the
matic Power Meters (Application                                                    system components.
Note 64-2) goes beyond the straight-
forward power measurements of                                                      In another example, the system is
sources, transmitters and amplifiers. It                                           used to make high-accuracy attenua-
expands the usefulness of automatic                                                tion measurements. The usual 40-50
power meters - especially the HP                                                   dB of sensor dynamic range can be
436A Power Meter using the HP Inter-                                               doubled to 80 dB by using a signal
face Bus (HP-IB) - by describing                                                   source with programmable output
other important and difficult meas-                                                level. In this way, the sensor which
urements. One example is the periodic                                              monitors input power uses up its 40 dB .
recalibration of power sensors for                                                 range after which the 40 dB range of
ealibration factor and effective effi-                                             the output sensor is used. A broad-
eiency against a traceable standard                                                band coupler allows both SWR and at-
$ensor. The system described in AN                                                 tenuation to be measured at ths s m s
64-2 measures calibration factor and                                               time with fairly high accuracy.   A  .
                                             DYNAMIC SPECIFICATIONS                     least important. Mast applications de-
     MINI GLOSSARY                                                                      manding fast pen response are limited
           for                               Dynamic specifications are those that      not by slewing speed but by accel-
                                             relate to the motion of the pen (or        eration instead. (See Dynamic
      STRIP CHART                            other writing device); e.g., accelera-     Response.)
      RECORDERS                              tion, slewing speed, etc. In other         Dynamic Response: Dycarnic re-
                                             words, they define the dynamic limita-     sponse is a meagure of an X-Y
GENERAL TERMS                                tions of the recorder. Errors caused by
                                             dynamic limitations must be added to
Strip Chart Recorder: A recorder that        those caused by static limitations.
produces accurate records in recti-
linear coordinates. It automatically         Acceleration: The peak pen accelera-       recod large amptitude,
makes a plot of a variable versus time       tion of an X-Y recorder when the pen       &was.Acwkmon's
on graph paper. The paper is moved           responds to a step input. Acceleration     tion b the abili to rsspond to high
at a constant speed under a pen or           decreases as the pen approaches its               cy,lower amplitude signals. As
other writing device as the variable is      maximum speed. Acceleration is the
                                                                                               in the fdlowing waveforms, the
recorded.                                    most significant specification in appli-        st Y-axis pen speed occurs at
                                             cations requiring fast dynamic re-         the point the trace crQssBs the X-axis.
X-Y Recorder: A recorder that plots          sponse. Typical acceleration values
                                                                                        Because curve 2 s amplitude is larger
Cartesian coordinate graphs. It auto-        range from about 150 to 3000 inls?         than curve 1, the pen has to travel a
matically plots on graph paper two var-      (See Dynamic Response.)
                                                                                        greater distance within the same time
iables against each other, one on an X                                                  period. Therefore, larger amplitude
axis and the other on a Y axis. The          Slewing Speed: The maximum speed           signals require higher pen speeds.
paper, which can be of any type -            attainable along either the X or Y axis
                    -
linear, log-log, etc, remains station-       of an X-Y recorder. Slewing speed is
                                             expressed in in/s (or cm/s); a typical
ary, and the pen is moved across the
paper in accordance with signals to          slewing speed ranges from about 20
the recorder's X and Y inputs.               to 30 i n k Many recorder specifica-
                                             tions include slewing speed as the
Axis Phasing: A term that refers to          only dynamic specification. A common
the phase match between the axes of          misconception is that slewing speed is
an X-Y recorder. Since X-Y recorders         the single major contributor to good
are very susceptible to normal mode          dynamic performance. In many appli-        scale with typical values less than
noise, and since many high perfor-           cations, however, it is sometimes the      about 2%.
mance recorders are not equipped
with input filters, external filters some-
times must be added. Adding a filter to
one axis often causes large dynamic
euors due to the resulting phase mis-
match between axes. Generally, to re-
tain axis phasing when a filter is
added, an identical filter must be
added to the other axis.

Retrace: A common term applied to a
quick test used to check an X-Y
recorder's general performance. An
identical ramp voltage is applied to
each axis causing a straight line to be
drawn. The ramp is then reversed and
the pen "retraces" the line. The
smoothness of the lines indicates ab-
sence of mechanical binds and slide-
wire nonlinearity, the opening between
the lines at slow speeds indicates the
amount of deadband and resettability,
and the opening between the lines at
faster speeds indicates the phase shift
between axes.

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                                                                                                 1
                                                                                                 -

     a-
      ResponseTime: The time it takes for
      a stflp chart recorder to transverse its
                                                     Deadband: Expressed as a percent-
                                                     age of full scale, it defines the largest
                                                                                                 Expressed as percentage of full scale,
                                                                                                 a typical figure is 0.1%. Some manu-
      span, that is, to travel full scale. A typi-   input signal (within the bandwidth of       facturers use the "best straight line"
      cal response time b about 0.5                  the recorder) to which the pen will not     definition of linearity which is less pre-
      seconds.                                       respond. Typical deadband ratings           cise than terminal based linearity.
                                                     range from about 0.05% to 0.25%.
      STATIC SPEC flCATIONS
                I
                                                                                                 Resettability: The measurement of
      Static specifications generally refer to       Linearity: Can be either "terminal          the total distance separating the final
      recorder limitations that are controlled       based' linearity or "best straight line"    resting points of the pen when the
                                                     linearity. Terminal-based linearity is      same point is approached from differ-
i     by the recorder's electrical charac-
      teristics such as sensitivity, accuracy,
      deadband, etc. (See Dynamic
                                                     the maximum difference between the
                                                     actual pen position and the theoretical
                                                                                                 ent directions. It is expressed as a
                                                                                                 percentage of full scale, and a typical
      Specifications.) Most static specifica-        position, based on the assumption that      value is 0.1%. Resettability is only oc-
      tions are generally very close to the          the 0 point corresfmnds exactly to 0        casionally specified for strip chart
      readability limitations imposed by the         signal and that full scale point corres-    recorders.
      human eye.                                     ponds exactly to full scale signal.




                                                     dribbled all over circuit boards coating
     RECORDERS,                                      resistors, IC's, transistors, and other
     PLOTTERS AND                                    components subject to leakage?
     THEIR INK SUPPLIES
                                                     It's a dastardly job   - expensive too!
     CSC Nt. V i m , CA
                                                     Repair costs for the required clean-up
     Can you imagine trying to clean an in-          (which also affects tum-around-time)
     strument with gooey, messy, running             can be easily saved by removing the
     and seeping ink coating the inner and           ink supplies from all recorders and
     outer surfaces? Ink that has pene-              plotters before returning them to HP.
     trated bearings, potentiometers, and            And you will also earn "Sam's" undy-
     other expensive parts? Ink that has             ing gratitude.




      LOGIC SYMBOLOGY                                ---         WITHIN HEWLETT-PACKARD
                                                     Some time ago, Bench Briefs ran a
                                                     series of articles on Logic Symbology
                                                                                                 Several schematics from various HP
                                                                                                 instruments are also included, with
                                                     as defined by the ANSI Y32.14 Stand-        color overlayed explanations describ-
F'
I
                                                     ard. The author, Tom Trompeter,
                                                     showed some of Hewlett-Packards
                                                                                                 ing how to interpret the Logic.

Y                                                    first attempts at interpreting this
                                                     standard - no easy task in light of the     To help offset printing and distribution
                                                     sophisticated IC circuits being used.       costs, the Logic Training Manual (HP
                                                                                                 part no. 5951-6116) has been priced
                                                     Now, a staff member of HP's Instru-         at $6.00 plus sales tax and handling
                                                     ment Service Training Group has             charge. Also, to avoid the $20.00
                                                     completed a Training Manual that            minimum order HP normally requires,
                                                     goes quite a bit further in defining        a Direct Mail Order Form has been in-
                                                     Hewlett-Packard's interpretation of         cluded in Bench Briefs for your con-
                                                     ANSI Y32.14. The Logic is presented         venience. Using this form also guaran-
                                                     in clear concise terms with liberal         tees that your order will be processed
                                                     examples using color for emphasis.          within 24 hours of receipt.


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SAFETY-RELATED                            8614NB and 8616 N B SIGNAL                 Also, a hazardous voltage may appear
                                          GENERATORS                                 on the outer shell of the FM inwt jack
SERVICE NOTES                                                                        if the external FM drive source isnot
                                                                                     properly grounded.
Service Notes from HP relating to per-
sonal safety and possible equipment
damage are of vital importance. To
make you more aware of these impor-                                                  To detect and correct this problem,
tant notes, HP has recently modified                                                 measure the resistance to ground of
the Safety Service Note format. The                                                  the SQ WAVE control shaft, the AF
note is now printed on paper with a red                                              control shaft, and the FM input jack
border, and a "-S" suffix has been                                                   outer shell. If the resistance at any
added to the note's number. In order                                                 point is greater than 0.1 ohm, remove
to make you immediately aware of any      Some front panels on these instru-         the components and scrape the paint
potentialsafety problems, we are high-    ments have been painted on their           free from the area where the compo-
lighting safety-related Service Notes     backside. This may result in a poor        nents seat against the backside of the
here with a brief description of each     ground connection causing a hazard-        front panel. For more information,
problem. Also, in order to draw your      ous voltage to appear on the shafts of     refer to Safety Service Notes 8614A-
attention to safety-related Service       the SQ WAVE and AF controls should          184% 8614B-1O-Sl 8616A-164, and
Notes on the Service Note order form      a short occur internal to their cases.     8616B-10-S.
at the rear of Bench Briefs, each ap-
propriate number is highlighted by
being printed in color.
                              \


                                          New Internal Fuse                          1979 APPLICATION
5150A THERMAL PRINTER                     ATTENTION
                                          INSTRUMENTATION
                                                                                     NOTE INDEX
                                                                                     Hewlett-Packard Application Notes
                                                                                                                                  a
                                          TAPE RECORDER                              are a compilation of applications re-
                                                                                     search and experience which have
                                          OWNERS                                     been written in collaboration with HP
                                                                                     engineers and our customers.
                                          HP Mod& -A,               9   t   m   -

                                          lnstrumentatlonTape Reco*rs,        with
                                          FM channels (Option 001) and HP-IB         Some notes are tutorid in nature,
                                          (Option 007) installed, require a higher   while others describe very specific
                                          value A24F6 fuse to handle the surge       "how to" promdums. Most copies are
                                          current load at turn-on. Sentice Notes     available at no charge from your local
                                          3964A-14 and 3968A-1418868A-12             field engineer or sales office.
                                          describe the procedure for changing
                                          the old A24F6 2.0 amp fuse to a new        The Application Note Index abstracts
                                          2.5amp(HPpartno. 2110-0015)fuse.           the currant notes availrtbla. A listing of
                                                                                     the HP instruments for which naesS
                                                                                     have been wMt?n is included 88 well
                                                                                     as a subject index.
Safety Service Note 5150A-3-S de-
scribes a modification that adds a                                                   If you wish to receive a copy, please
shield and insulating tubing around                                                  write on your letterhead to
some hazardous voltage connections
inside the printer. The hazardous volt-
ages could be touched by reaching
into the cabinet through the opening
behind the paper tray. This modifica-
tion pertains only to instruments with
                                                                                                                   mmunlca-       a
serial numbers 1724A02350 and
below.


                                                     WWW.HPARCHIVE.COM
                                                                                              SERVICE NOTES



                                                                    1741A OSCILLOSCOPE                      5004A-2. All serials. 5004A operational verifi-
                                                         1741A-1A. Serials 1624A00550and below. Pre-          cation.
                                                           ferred replacement for A15R15 and A15R16                  5045A AUTOTEST SYSTEM
                                                           focus resistors.                                 5045A-7A. Installation and test procedures.
                                                                    3435A MULTlMETERS                       5045A-8. All serials. 5045A operational verifi-
                                                         3435A-2. All serials. Replacement procedures         cation.
                                                           of 0.1 ohm current shunt.                                    W 2 C CESIUM BEAM
                                                                                                                      FREQUENCY REFERENCE
                                                                    3438A MULTlMETERS                       5062C-3. All serials. List of all assemblieswhich
                                                         3438A-2. All serials. Replacement procedures         require adjustments when replaced.
                                                           of 0.1 ohm current shunt.
*                                                                                                                   5150A THERMAL PRINTER
     b E D ANY SERVICE                                          3455A DIGITAL VOLTMETER
                                                         3455A-5A. All serials. Removal and replace-
                                                                                                            5150A-3-S. Serials 1724A02350 and below.
                                                                                                              Corrective action for a potential hazard.

Ir
     NOTES?                                                ment procedure of front panel switch.
                                                                                                                 S308A 75 MHz TIMERlCOUNTER
                                                                     3466A MULTIMETER                       5308A-3. Serials 172OAO2951 and above. In-
     Here's the latest listing of Service                3466A-1. Serials 1716A01186 and below ex-            cabinet performance procedure update.
     Notes available for Hewlett-Packard                   cluding options 001 and OM.Modificationto
                                                           prevent and restoration procedure for fully                5312A ASCII INTERFACE
     products. To obtain information for in-               discharged battery.                              5312A-2. All serial prefixes. Operationalverifica-
     struments you own, remove the order                 3466A-2. All senals. Replacement procedures          tion using 9825A controller.
     form and mail it to the HP distribution               of 0.1 ohm current shunt.
                                                                                                                       * 53UIA UNIVERSAL
     center nearest you.                                               3495A SCANNER                                  FREQUENCY COUNTER
                                                         3495A-4. Serials 1428A02185 and below.             5328A-18. All serials (std, option 040, 041). O p
                      GENERAL                              Power supply modification for 3495A with           erational verification.
     M 59-S. Product safety service note index.            four accessory 44404As or 44405As.
                                                                                                                         W 2 A MICROWAVE
        -BIBB   PORTABLE AC VOLTMETER                               35558 TRANSMISSION AND                            FREQUENCY COUNtER
     4038188-9. Serials 0986A20520 and below.                        NOSE MEASURING SET                     5342A-1. All serials. HP-18 programmingnotes.
       New battery replacement.                          35!j!jB-X.   Serials 0992A05670 and Wow. Im-       5342A-2. Serials 172OA00225and below. Addi-
     4038188-10. Serials 0986A20521 to                      proved power supply reliability.                  to of &-bounce capacitor to A2 display
                                                                                                               in
       0986A21374. Battery charging circuit                                                                   driuer.
       improvement.                                          37038 GROUP DELAY DETECTOR                     5342A-3. A serials. Procedure for selecting
                                                                                                                       H
     403B/B6-11. Serials 0986A21830 and below.           37038-2. All serials. Retrofit of int./ext. B.B.     A3R15.
       CR5. CR6. CR7, and CR8 diode re-                    switch to front panel.                           5342A-4. All serials. Procedure for selecting
       placiments.                                       3703B-3. Option 14, all serials. Recommended              16 8 C10.
                                                           replacement resistors A1R141, AlR142,                   5 AIl serials. Procedure for selecting
                                                                                                                    .
                436A POWER METER                           AlR143                                             A9R16.
     436A-2. All serials. 98294 HP-18 verification       37038-4. All serials. Replacement procedurefor     S42A-6. k k i 1720AW225and below. A M *
                                                                                                                      W
       program.                                            AlMC1, AlMC2 (1820-0595).                          tkm d A14 capacibr to fix fkk&ng display
            485A MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER                     3703B-5. Serials 132611-01309 and below. Re-
     495A-8. serials 1717A and below. Modification         commended replacemant resistors AlR195,
       to prevent potential arcing on A1 high voltage      AlR197, AlR199.
       assembly.                                                                                               creased filtering o +5V supply on standard
                                                                                                                                 f
                                                              37032 GROUP DELAY DETECTOR
          618C SHF SIGNAL GENERATOR                      37032-1. All serials. Recommended replace-            osdllator.
     618C-13. All serials. Modification to improve         ment for underrated resistors AlR141,                 W 5 A ELECTROHIC COUNTER
       minimum pulse width.                                AlR142, AlR143.                                  5345A-10. Serials 1708 and bekm. Resistor
                                                         37032-2. All serials. Replacement procedures         changes to A4 input trigger assembly
          6208 SHF SIGNAL GENERATOR                        for AlMC1, AlMC2 (1820-0595).
     6208-15. All serials. Modification to improve                                                             (05345600043,
       minimum pulse wktth.                                                                                 5345A-11. A serials. Modification to A7 linear
                                                                                                                       U
                                                                3710A WBB TRANSMITTER                         regulator assembly (05345-60007) to im-
               7-     AC CALIBRATOR                      3710A-17. Serials 163711-01686 and below.            prove +15V suppty opetation.
     745A-18. All Serials. A1A2 reference oven re-         Removal of +15V and -15V rectifiers from
       placement i - .
                 n~                                        A15 PC board to reduce temperature on PC                 5601A LASER tftANSDtlCER
                                                           board.                                           5501A-2. Serials l712A end b&W. Modification
        7 4 A M G VOLTAGE AMPLIFIER
               4H                                                                                             to eliminate random retuna proWm.
     7W-10. Serials 09904101520 to o99oAo1511;                    379aA FlBB RECUVER
      09$0A01460 and below. Recornmended                 3790A4A. All serials. RecMmended replace-
       t- -
       rn.                                                 mmt for A15CRn.                                                                           andbe-

                         . Fbmmmmded       backbone
                                                                   3$M TAPE RECORDER
                                                         3960-12A. SgriBts 1006 and W o w . ImWation
                                                           of new brakes.
                                                                                                                    6 M l B MULTIPMGRAYUER
                                                                                                            69408-2/69418-1. M & a 175QA00730and be-
                                                                                                              low. Modificationrecornmendam.
     174OA-3A. A sariats. Madification instructions
                 B                                                                                                          7100 s w E s
       for s a e display, option 101 kit, PN 01740-
            tt                                                                                                      STRW CHART RECORDERS
       69501.                                                                                               7100-4A/7101-4A/7127-4~7128-4A.Recom-
     1745A-5A.                     w w Mouifka-
                                      o .                                                                     mended bearing replacement for servo and
       tiwls to                    mptifter balance                                                           chart drive motors.
                                                                  M  A INSTRUMENTATION
                                                                    TAPERECORDERS
     17 %
       % ?                    Modifications to improve   3968A-14/0066A-12. Serials 1715Athw 1748A.
       pulse r&pmse and risetime.                          Modmcation t imease A24F6 fuse to 2.5
                                                                       o
     174OA-1OA. Adl serials. Prefemed replacement          amps.
       for A16CM r d f i e r .
     174OA-12A. seitclls 1616A-01925 and below.                 5004A SIGNATURE ANALYSER                          8444A TRACKING GENERATOR
       Improved reliability of +120V power supply.       5 W A - 1A. Serials 1736 and above. Data probe     8444A-2. Serials 1817A and below. Modification
     174OA-15A. AH*serials. Preferred replacement          threshold voltage adjustment and compen-           to reduce residual FM when operated at 50
       for input FETS.                                     sation.                                            Hz power mains.
                                                                                                                               `.
                                                                                                                                i


                                                                                                                           .   ..
                                                                 WWW. HPARCHIVE.COM
                                                                                                         83005(: MO
                                                                                                       630056-2/633
                                                    86                                        erred      below. Modi
                                                                                                         power line noise and brief interruptions.
                                                    867211-3. Sras l 7 3 3 A and b&w. lkproved
                                                               eil
                                                      preset operation.                                  63315D MODULAR DC POWER SUPPLY
                                                                                                       63005C-2/633150-2. Serials 1804A-00674 and
          +' 8B65A SPECTRUM ANALYZER                         8888A INSTRUMENTATION                       below. Modification to reduce susceptibility to
        8565A-2AS. Operating and service manual                 TAPE RECORDERS                           power line noise and brief interruptions.
          qhanw eliminate @mb'shock hazard.
                to                                  3968A-14/8868A-12. Serials 1715A throuah
              8614NB SIGNAL GENERATOR                 1748A. Modification to increase A24F6 f u k             69322A QUAD DIA VOLTAGE
                                                      to 2.5 amps.                                                 CONVERTERCARD
                                                                                                       69322A-1. Modification to increase range of
                                                             W72A GRAPHIC PLOTTER                        gain adjust.
                                                    7221A49872A-7. Serials 01300 and below.
                                                      Factory retrofit of flame-sprayed cabinet              69435A PULSE COUNTER CARD
                                                      parts.                                           69435A-1. Serials 1801A-01533 and WOW.
                                                                                                         Circuit modification to improve performam.
                                                     5A
                                                      -        MULTIPROGRAMMER INTERFACE
                                                    595OOA-1. Serials 1809A-00784 and below.
          proper front-panel grounding.                 Circuit modification to improve performance.


        DO YOU 0                                    A new verification procedure for the               these or any notes described here by
                                                                                                       using the order form on the inside last
                                                    5328A Universal Counter is listed in
        HP'S DIG1                                   Service Note 5328A-18. The atrbt.svl-              page of Bench Briefs.
!';
        MULTIME                                     ated checks in this note can be per-
                                                                                                       A late word on the 5342A is that the
                                                    formed instead of the complete per-
I       COUNTERS$                  ' '-
                                                    formance test, and will give a high de-            final manual is nearing release and will
    -   Product Improvement Service Notes Have      gree of confidence that the Counter is             incorporate all the above notes. If you
        Been Issued for Models 970A, 3435A,         operating properly. This operational               haven't returned the card inside the
        3438A and 3466A Multimeters,and 5328A       verification is useful for incoming QA,            temporary manual, please do so now
        and 5342A Counters.                         routine maintenance, and after in-                 as it's the only way we have of sending
                                                    strument repair.                                   you a new final manual.
        If you own one of the above Digital
        Muhimeters or Counters, be sure and
        order the appropriate Service Notes
        listed in this issue of Bench Briefs.
        For example, if you need a new
        Backbone Assembly, the 970A-4 Serv-
        ice Note lists a service procedure for      The 5342A Microwave Frequency
                                                    Counter has eight Service Notes listed
                                                    that provide everything from HP-IB
                                                    programming information to hints on
                                                    improving performance. You can order

                                                    Servicing The 3455A

                                                    3455A DIGITAL VOLTMETER SERVICE BOOK

        The 3466A-1 Service Note outlines a
        modification procedure that eliminates
        further battery drain if, when on battery
        operation, the battery voltage goes
        below 5.4 volts and shuts the 3466A
        down.


                                                    If you service your own 3455A Vohme-
                                                    ter, chances are you can use a new
                                                    service book containing original mate-
                                                                                                       Seminars. The book is appropriately
                                                                                                       titled "Servicing The 3455A and can
                                                                                                       be obtained through your local HP
                                                                                                                                                           0
                                                    rial and supporting documentation                  Sales and Service Office.
                                                    from past 3455A Customer Service
                                                                                O R D E R FORM
                                                                                               -
                                                                                               m

0   i f you want ,,rice    notes, please
    check the appropriate boxes below
                                              For European customers (ONLY)                NAME
    and return this form separately to one               Hewlett-Packard                   COMPANY NAME
    of the following addresses:                         Central Mailing Dept.              ADDRESS
                                                       P.O. Box 529 _
                                        



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