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E20-8171_An_Introduction_to_Linear_Programming_1964


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Data Processing Application
An Introduction to Linear Programming




Data Processing Application
PREFACE


The purpose of this manual is to describe linear
programming, to show what can be accomplished
with it, and to prepare the reader to make intelli-
gent use of a linear programming system on a com-
puter. The presentation covers the entire scope of
a linear programming application: problem formu-
lation, computer operations, interpretation of
results, and additional information that can be ob-
tained through the use of a complete linear pro-
gramming system for a computer. There is no
attempt at mathematical rigor. Some of the mathe-
matical techniques are presented briefly to indicate
what is involved in the computer solution of a
problem, but no mathematical background beyond
high school algebra is assumed.
    The glossary, however, is intended as a
comprehensive list of technical terms associated
with the solving of linear programming problems,
rather than as a list of only those terms used in
this manual. Furthermore, the definitions are
written in a technical manner for the benefit of
those readers who are studying linear programming
on a deeper level than that of this introductory manual.




Copies of this and other mM publications can be obtained through mM Branch
Offices. Address comments concerning the contents of this publication
mM, Teclmical Publications Department, 112 East Post Road, White Plains, N. Y. 10601



@ International Business Machines Corporation, 1964
CONTENTS

Chapter 1: Concepts and Examples .             1              Distillate (heating oil) Blending.   26
                                                              Fuel Blending .                      27
      1.1: Example of Production Capacity                3.3: The Objective Function
            Allocation .                       2              and Constraints                      27
      1. 2: Example of Feed Blending           7              Objective Function  .                27
      1. 3: Example of Investment Policy       9              Material-Balance Constraints         27
      1. 4: Characteristics of a Linear                       Pipe-Still Constraints.              27
            Programming Application.          13              Cat-Cracker Constraint               27
      1. 5: Typical Linear Programming                        Fuel Oil-Blending Constraint.        27
            Applications .                    13              Heating Oil-Blending Constraints.    27
            Refinery Scheduling .             13              Gasoline-Blending Constraints .      28
            Paper Trimming.                   14         3.4: Computer Input                       29
            Production Allocation.            14         3.5: The Solution.                        29
                                                              The Optimum Policy                   31
Chapter 2: Deriving Additional Information                    Changes in Allocation.               31
           About a Solution .                 15              Marginal Values.                     31
                                                              Reduced Costs.                       31
      2.1: The Fundamental "Answer".          15              Sensitivity of Profit to
      2.2: Changing Limits: Right-Hand Side                   Constraint Coefficients              33
           Ranges and Marginal Values         16              Ranges of Optimum-Policy
      2.3: Changing Objective Function                        Variables                            33
           Coefficients: Profit Ranges        18              Marginal Value Ranges                34
      2.4: Tradeoffs: Rates of Substitution   19        3.6: Parametric Programming                34
      2.5: Sensitivity to Technology .        20
      2.6: Changing Several Things at Once:        Chapter 4: The Simplex Method.                  37
           Parametric Programming             21
                                                        4.1: Geometrical Background                37
Chapter 3: A Larger Example - Oil Refinery              4.2: Algebraic Demonstration .             38
           Scheduling                         23        4.3: Summary.                              40

     3.1: The Physical Situation              23              Glossary.                            41
     3.2: The Operating Data .                25
          Crude Supply                        25              Bibliography.                        63
          Pipe-Still Operations .             25
          Catalytic-Cracker Operation .       25              Index                                64
          Gasoline Blending.                  26
CHAPTER 1: CONCEPTS AND EXAMPLES


Linear programming is a mathematical technique               These examples emphasize the importance of
for determining the optimum allocation of resources      linear programming. When a large number of in-
(such as capital, raw materials, manpower, plant         terrelated choices exist, the best choice may be far
or other facilities) to obtain a particular objective    from obvious. An intuitive solution may never un-
(such as minimum cost or maximum profit) when            cover the best approach, and there is seldom any
there are alternative uses for the resources. Linear     guarantee that what appears to be a fairly good pol-
programming can also be used to analyze the eco-         icy is really the best.
nomics of alternate availability of resources, alter-        Such problems often involve large amounts of
nate objectives, and so on.                              money. A rational approach to the problems re-
    A few brief examples may serve to indicate more      quires:
concretely what can be achieved with linear pro-            



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