Service Manuals, User Guides, Schematic Diagrams or docs for : Keithley Keithley LowLevelHandbook_7Ed
<< Back |
HomeMost service manuals and schematics are PDF files, so You will need Adobre Acrobat Reader to view : Acrobat Download
Some of the files are DjVu format. Readers and resources available here : DjVu Resources
For the compressed files, most common are zip and rar. Please, extract files with Your favorite compression software ( WinZip, WinRAR ... ) before viewing.
If a document has multiple parts, You should download all, before extracting.
Good luck. Repair on Your own risk. Make sure You know what You are doing.
Image preview - the first page of the document
>> Download Keithley LowLevelHandbook_7Ed documenatation <<Text preview - extract from the document 7Edition
th
Low Level Measurements Handbook
Precision DC Current, Voltage,
and Resistance Measurements
Low Level
Measurements
Handbook
Precision DC Current, Voltage,
and Resistance Measurements
SEVENTH EDITION
Contents
SECTION 1 Low Level DC Measuring Instruments
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 1-3
1.2 Theoretical Measurement Limits .......................................................... 1-3
1.3 Instrument Definitions ............................................................................ 1-5
1.3.1 The Electrometer ......................................................... 1-5
1.3.2 The DMM ......................................................................1-7
1.3.3 The Nanovoltmeter .......................................................1-7
1.3.4 The Picoammeter ......................................................... 1-8
1.3.5 The Source Measure Unit Instrument ......................... 1-8
1.3.6 The Low Current Preamp ............................................ 1-9
1.3.7 The Micro-ohmmeter ................................................... 1-9
1.3.8 The Low Current Source ............................................. 1-9
1.4 Understanding Instrument Specifications ....................................... 1-10
1.4.1 Definition of Accuracy Terms .....................................1-10
1.4.2 Accuracy ......................................................................1-11
1.4.3 Deratings .....................................................................1-15
1.4.4 Noise and Noise Rejection ..........................................1-15
1.4.5 Speed ..........................................................................1-17
1.5 Circuit Design Basics ............................................................................. 1-17
1.5.1 Voltmeter Circuits .......................................................1-17
1.5.2 Ammeter Circuits ........................................................1-19
1.5.3 Coulombmeter Circuit ................................................1-23
1.5.4 High Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits ..........................1-24
1.5.5 Low Resistance Ohmmeter Circuits............................1-26
1.5.6 Complete Instruments ............................................... 1-28
SECTION 2 Measurements from High Resistance Sources
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 2-2
2.2 Voltage Measurements from High Resistance Sources ................... 2-2
2.2.1 Loading Errors and Guarding...................................... 2-3
2.2.2 Insulation Resistance of the Test Circuit ....................2-11
2.3 Low Current Measurements ................................................................ 2-15
2.3.1 Leakage Currents and Guarding ................................2-15
2.3.2 Noise and Source Impedance .....................................2-21
2.3.3 Zero Drift ................................................................... 2-23
2.3.4 Generated Currents ................................................... 2-23
2.3.5 Voltage Burden ...........................................................2-31
Low Level Measurements Handbook iii
2.3.6 Overload Protection ................................................... 2-33
2.3.7 AC Interference and Damping ................................... 2-34
2.3.8 Using a Coulombmeter to Measure Low Current ..... 2-35
2.4 High Resistance Measurements ......................................................... 2-39
2.4.1 Constant-Voltage Method........................................... 2-40
2.4.2 Constant-Current Method ......................................... 2-41
2.5 Charge Measurements.......................................................................... 2-46
2.5.1 Error Sources ............................................................. 2-47
2.5.2 Zero Check ................................................................. 2-48
2.5.3 Extending the Charge Measurement Range
of the Electrometer .................................................... 2-48
2.6 General Electrometer Considerations............................................... 2-49
2.6.1 Making Connections .................................................. 2-50
2.6.2 Electrostatic Interference and Shielding ....................2-51
2.6.3 Environmental Factors............................................... 2-55
2.6.4 Speed Considerations ................................................ 2-56
2.6.5 Johnson Noise ............................................................ 2-62
2.6.6 Device Connections ................................................... 2-66
2.6.7 Analog Outputs .......................................................... 2-69
2.6.8 Floating Input Signals .................................................2-70
2.7 High Impedance Measurement Optimization Summary.............. 2-71
SECTION 3 Measurements from Low Resistance Sources
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 3-2
3.2 Low Voltage Measurements ................................................................... 3-2
3.2.1 Effects of Error Sources on Voltage Measurements .... 3-2
3.2.2 Thermoelectric EMFs ................................................... 3-3
3.2.3 Internal Offsets ............................................................ 3-7
3.2.4 Zero Drift ..................................................................... 3-7
3.2.5 RFI/EMI ........................................................................ 3-9
3.2.6 Johnson Noise .............................................................3-10
3.2.7 1/f Noise ......................................................................3-11
3.2.8 Line Cycle Interference and Line Cycle Integration .. 3-12
3.2.9 Magnetic Fields .......................................................... 3-13
3.2.10 Ground Loops .............................................................3-14
3.2.11 Ways to Reduce Noise .................................................3-16
3.2.12 Common-Mode Current and Reversal Errors ............3-17
iv
3.3 Low Resistance Measurements.......................................................... 3-18
3.3.1 Lead Resistance and Four-Wire Method .................... 3-18
3.3.2 Thermoelectric EMFs and
Offset Compensation Methods .................................. 3-20
3.3.3 Non-Ohmic Contacts ................................................. 3-25
3.3.4 Device Heating ........................................................... 3-26
3.3.5 Dry Circuit Testing ..................................................... 3-27
3.3.6 Testing Inductive Devices .......................................... 3-28
3.4 Measurement Optimization Summary for
Low Impedance Measurements ......................................................... 3-29
SECTION 4 Applications
4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 4-2
4.2 Applications for Measuring Voltage from
High Resistance Sources ........................................................................ 4-2
4.2.1 Capacitor Dielectric Absorption ................................. 4-2
4.2.2 Electrochemical Measurements .................................. 4-6
4.3 Low Current Measurement Applications ........................................... 4-9
4.3.1 Capacitor Leakage Measurements .............................. 4-9
4.3.2 Low Current Diode Measurements .......................... 4-13
4.3.3 Low Current Measurements of MOSFETs...................4-16
4.3.4 Light Measurements with Photomultiplier Tubes ..... 4-18
4.3.5 Ion Beam Measurements .......................................... 4-21
4.3.6 Photoconductive Current of PIN Photodiode ........... 4-23
4.3.7 Avalanche Photodiode Reverse Bias Current
Measurements ............................................................ 4-24
4.3.8 Current-Voltage Characterization of
Carbon Nanotube (CNT) FETs .................................. 4-26
4.4 High Resistance Measurement Applications .................................. 4-28
4.4.1 Surface Insulation Resistance Testing of
Printed Circuit Boards .............................................. 4-28
4.4.2 Resistivity Measurements of Insulating Materials .... 4-30
4.4.3 Resistivity Measurements of Semiconductors .......... 4-34
4.4.4 Voltage Coefficient Testing of High Ohmic
Value Resistors .......................................................... 4-44
4.5 Charge Measurement Applications .................................................. 4-45
4.5.1 Capacitance Measurements ...................................... 4-45
Low Level Measurements Handbook v
4.5.2 Using a Faraday Cup to Measure Static Charge
on Objects ................................................................. 4-46
4.6 Low Voltage Measurement Applications ........................................ 4-48
4.6.1 Standard Cell Comparisons ...................................... 4-48
4.6.2 High Resolution Temperature Measurements
and Microcalorimetry ............................................... 4-50
4.6.3 Hall Voltage and Resistivity Measurements
of a Six-Terminal Bridge Sample ................................ 4-53
4.7 Low Resistance Measurement Applications .................................. 4-54
4.7.1 Contact Resistance .................................................... 4-54
4.7.2 Superconductor Resistance Measurements .............. 4-57
4.7.3 Resistivity Measurements of Conductive Materials .. 4-59
SECTION 5 Low Level Instrument Selection Guide
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 5-2
5.2 Instrument and Accessory Selector Guides........................................ 5-2
APPENDIX A Cable and Connector Assembly
APPENDIX B Glossary
APPENDIX C Safety Considerations
Test System Safety ................................................................................... C-2
General Safety Considerations ............................................................. C-2
INDEX
vi
SECTION 1
Low Level DC
Measuring
Instruments
FIGURE 1-1: Standard Symbols Used in this Text
Prefixes
Symbol Prefix Exponent
y yocto- 10
◦ Jabse Service Manual Search 2024 ◦ Jabse Pravopis ◦ onTap.bg ◦ Other service manual resources online : Fixya ◦ eServiceinfo