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Foreword



This Astronaut's Photography Manual has been
prepared by Hasselblad in close cooperation with
the Training and Man-Machine Divisions at the
Johnson Space Center of the National Aeronau-
tics and Space Administration. As a guidebook
for the NASA Photography Training Program, it
not only describes the operation of the Hassel-
blad 500 EL/M cameras used on the U. S. Space
Shuttle but is also a concise manual on photog-
raphy to assist astronauts in creating the best
possible space photographs.


Hasselblad cameras have performed with preci-
sion on every manned space flight since 1962
and undoubtedly future missions will continue to
yield those awe-inspiring and beautiful images
from space - a priceless pictorial legacy for future
generations.




                                                       A Hasselblad lunar data surface camera was mounted into the Shuttle
                                                       Pallet Satellite and operated remotely by the astronauts by means of a
                                                       radio signal to record images of the Challenger in flight.
                                                                              Table of Contents                                                                                                        1



                                                                               Camera Controls ............................................................................................. 2
                                                                               Film Magazine Controls ................................................................................... 2
                                                                               Viewfinder Controls ......................................................................................... 3
                                                                               The EL/M Power Supply .................................................................................. 4
                                                                               Releasing the Camera ..................................................................................... 4
                                                                               Remote Operation ........................................................................................... 5
                                                                               Camera Steadiness ......................................................................................... 5
                                                                               Operating Modes ............................................................................................. 6
                                                                               Film Magazines ........................................................................................... 6, 7
                                                                               Film Magazine with Databack.......................................................................... 8
                                                                               Permanently Attached Databack ..................................................................... 8
                                                                               Databack with Removable Module .................................................................. 8
                                                                               Changing Lenses............................................................................................. 9
                                                                               Lenses ........................................................................................................... 10
                                                                               Lens Controls ...........................................................................................10, 11
                                                                               Viewing .......................................................................................................... 12
                                                                               Diopter Adjustment ........................................................................................ 12
                                                                               Focusing ........................................................................................................ 13
                                                                               Focusing Suggestions ................................................................................... 14
                                                                               Depth of Field .................................................................................... 14, 15, 16
                                                                               Depth of Field at Different Apertures ............................................................. 15
                                                                               Depth of Field with Different Lenses.............................................................. 16
                                                                               Focusing for Depth of Field ..................................................................... 17, 18
                                                                               Use of Lenses.................................................................................... 19, 20, 21
                                                                               Lens Aperture ................................................................................................ 22
                                                                               Shutter Speed................................................................................................ 23
                                                                               Setting Aperture & Shutter Speed ................................................................. 23
                                                                               Changing Aperture & Shutter Speed ............................................................. 24
                                                                               Exposure ....................................................................................................... 24
                                                                               Exposure from Charts.................................................................................... 24
                                                                               The Exposure Meter ...................................................................................... 25
                                                                               ASA/ Shutter Speed Setting .......................................................................... 26
                                                                               Viewfinder on Meter....................................................................................... 26
Sunlight coming through the windows can make beautiful "available              Operating Meter....................................................................................... 26, 27
                                                                               Determining Lens Settings with Exposure Meter...................................... 27,28
light" shots. The slide is perfectly exposed for the most important part of
                                                                               Exposing for Sun or Shade............................................................................ 29
the scene - the astronauts facial flesh tones.                                 Exposing for Slides ........................................................................................ 29
                                                                               Exposing for Negative Film............................................................................ 29
                                                                               High Contrast Scenes.................................................................................... 29
                                                                               Bracketing Exposure ..................................................................................... 29
                                                                               Exposure Techniques .................................................................................... 30
                                                                               Composition....................................................................................... 31, 32, 33
                                                                               Obtaining the Most Effective Images ................................................. 34, 35, 36
Hasselblad 500 EL/M Camera                                                          2




                                              Camera Controls:

                                              1)   Operate Push button
                                              2)   Mode Selector (taped)
                                              3)   Lens Cocking Tool (Under tape)
                                              4)   Remote Connector
                                              5)   Battery Compartment
                                              6)   Battery Compartment Lock
                                              7)   Lens Release Button


                                              Film Magazine
                                              Controls:

                                              8) Magazine Release Button
                                              9) Magazine Insert Lock (Taped)
                                              10) Darkslide
                                              11) Frame Counter
                                              12a) End of Film Indicator
                                              12b) Film Advance Indicator
14    11    12a    4 12b     3   2   1   13
                                                                        3




Viewfinder Controls:

13)   Prism Viewfinder
14)   Diopter Correction Eyepiece
15)   Lock for Correction Eyepiece
16)   Rubber Eyecup




                                     7   5   8   10   6   9   15   16
The EL/M                                                                                         Releasing the Camera                         4
Power Supply


The electric film advance is powered by      teries (A) are inserted with the (+) end first      The image is recorded on the film by
two 6V rechargeable nickel cadmium           (Fig. 2). Properly inserted, the batteries          pressing the operate push button. The
batteries located in the battery compart-    rest on a spring and can be pushed up               shutter is re-cocked, and the film ad-
ment. Two fully charged batteries provide    &down. When inserted the wrong way, the             vanced to the next frame, when removing
power for approximately 2000 exposures       cover cannot be closed easily and may               the finger from the button. A second expo-
and changing the batteries should not be     be permanently bent. Do not force. Check            sure can be made as soon as the winding
necessary. A slowing down of the wind-       position of batteries. Cover is re-attached         cycle is completed. If the camera does not
ing cycle, however, indicates low battery    by placing the hooks at the front of the            operate when the release is depressed:
voltage and that both batteries need to be   cover into the openings (D) in the camera
changed.                                     then pressing the rear firmly towards the
                                                                                                 1. Darkslide may be inserted in film
The battery compartment is opened by         compartment while turning the slotted lock
                                                                                                    magazine. Remove it.
turning the slotted compartment lock (6)     (6) clockwise to the horizontal (locked)
                                                                                                 2. There may be no film left in magazine.
counter clockwise to the vertical position   position.
                                                                                                    Check film load signal (12a) if red,
using the lens cocking tool (3). Remove                                                             change magazine.
the compartment cover (Fig. 1). Always       NOTE: Camera operates only if a fuse in good        3. The fuse is dead. Replace.
remove both batteries and insert one         condition is in the fuse receptacle. The fuse (C)   4. The batteries may have no charge left.
spare battery in either compartment. Bat-    can be replaced and inserted in (B) either way.        Replace.




              FIGURE 1                                       FIGURE 2                                          FIGURE 3
Remote Operation                              Camera Steadiness                                                                             5



Camera can also be released with remote       The camera must be perfectly steady          5. Pressing the operate push button
cable, Remove socket cover (Fig. 3) by        when the exposure is made. Camera mo-           slowly and gently so you are hardly
turning it counter clockwise and attach       tion while the film is being exposed can        aware when the exposure is made
remote release cable to remote connector      result in unsharp pictures. Reduce the          and keeping it depressed until the
4. The camera operation is determined by      danger of camera movement by:                   exposure is completed. Don't jerk the
the position of the mode selector (page 6)                                                    release or depress it rapidly.
one picture in position 0 - or sequences in
                                              1. Holding camera firmly with both hands,
position A.                                                                                NOTE: Perfect camera steadiness is important
                                                 one hand on the bottom, the other on
                                                                                           with aIl lenses - but more so with the 250mm
                                                 top (Fig. 4&5). 2. Pressing both elbows   Sonnar. The long focal length magnifies camera
                                                 into your body for additional support.    shake.
                                              3. Pressing rubber eyepiece of the view-
                                                 finder against your viewing eye to form
                                                 a firm contact between the forehead
                                                 and finder (Fig. 6).
                                              4. Holding Breath.




              FIGURE 4                                     FIGURE 5                                      FIGURE 6
Operating Modes                              Film Magazines                                                                                  6



1) The mode selector is set at 0 at launch   To attach a film magazine to the cam-            OPERATlNG SIGNALS: (Fig. 13)
   and taped over (Fig. 7). Do not remove    era body, hook the magazine onto the
   the tape and change the setting except    two lower support catches (E) (Fig. 9),
                                                                                              The film magazine includes a frame coun-
   for automatic sequence operation.         swing the top of the magazine firmly and
                                                                                              ter (11) which counts up and indicates
2) For automatic sequence operation          completely against the upper catches (F)
                                                                                              number of frames exposed. Check once
   (1 picture per second) remove tape,       and camera body while at the same time
                                                                                              in a while so you do not run out of film in
   change selector to A (Fig.8). When        sliding the magazine release button (8) to
                                                                                              the middle of an important picture taking
   the release is depressed, the camera      the right (Fig. 10). After the magazine is
                                                                                              sequence. There are about 120 frames
   takes pictures at regular intervals of    attached remove darkslide (Fig. 9a).
                                                                                              on a roll of film. There is also an end of
   1frame/second as long as the release      To remove a magazine, insert darkslide           film indicator (12a). It turns from white to
   is kept depressed - and as long as        (10) slide magazine release button (8) to        red when the roll of film is finished and at
   there is film in the camera. When se-     the right (Fig.11), lift off magazine (Fig.      that moment the camera will stop operat-
   quence is completed, change dial back     12).                                             ing. Film advance indicator (12b) goes
   to 0 and re-tape.
                                                                                              from white to red to white to show film is
                                             NOTES: a) Magazines cannot be attached or        advancing properly.
                                             removed unless darkslide is inserted. b) Never
                                             remove the darkslide from a magazine that is
                                             not attached to the camera. It would expose
                                             some of the film in the magazine.




             FIGURE 7




              FIGURE 8
                                    7




FIGURE 9    FIGURE 10   FIGURE 11




FIGURE 9a   FIGURE 12   FIGURE 13
Film Magazines with                            Permanently Attached                          Databack with                                  8
Databacks                                      Databack                                      Removable Module


Some or all film magazines used on your        Proper operation is indicated by a green      The electronics module is removed by de-
mission may be equipped with a databack.       LED at rear. Check whether it goes on and     pressing the latch and sliding the module
It may be permanently attached to the          off after the exposure. This indicates that   towards the rear. It can now be attached
magazine (Fig. 14) or have a removable         the data recording has been successful.       to another magazine in the same fashion
electronics module which can be switched                                                     by depressing the latch again (Fig. 15). It
from one magazine to another (Fig. 15).                                                      is made operative with the On/Off Switch.
The film magazine of either version is at-                                                   Make certain that the exposure setting
tached to the camera body, as is the regu-                                                   switch is set for the ASA rating of the film
lar magazine 100/200 but the magazine                                                        in that particular magazine.
release button (8) is pushed towards the                                                        Position 1 for ASA 25 - 100
left (not right). To remove a film magazine,                                                    Position 2 for ASA 100 - 400
push the magazine release button again
                                                                                                Position 3 for ASA 400 - 1600
towards the left (Fig. 14).
                                                                                                Position 4 for ASA 1600 - 6400
                                                                                             Instructions for the correct setting will be
                                                                                             supplied.
                                                                                             A green LED lights up momentarily at the
                                                                                             end of each shot to indicate a successful
                                                                                             data recording.
                                                                                             Malfunctioning or low battery power is
                                                                                             indicated by a red LED. The batteries,
                                                                                             however, have sufficient power for an
                                                                                             entire flight.




                FIGURE 14                                 FIGURE 15
Changing Lenses                                                                                                      9



To remove a lens, press lens release              b) Lenses can be attached only if the camera
button (7) and turn lens counterclockwise            body is cocked and the shutter in the lens is
about 1/10 turn (Fig. 16). To attach a lens,         also cocked (open). (Shaft J) in lens is op-
                                                     posite red dot (L) (Fig. 19). If a shutter should
match red marking on lens barrel with red
                                                     have been closed accidentally while lens was
marking on camera body (Fig. 17). Turn               removed from camera insert lens cocking tool
lens firmly clockwise until it clicks positive-      (3) located under the taped mode selector (2)
ly in place (Fig. 18). Do not depress lens           in shaft slot (M). Make a full turn clockwise in
release button when attaching a lens.                the direction of the arrow. (Fig. 20)


NOTES:
a) Lenses can be removed only when the shut-
   ter is cocked, which is normally the case on
   the EL/M. The lens could be uncocked only
   if the camera stops before completing the                                                             FIGURE 18
   cycle due to low battery power, or if a fuse
   is blown. If so change batteries to complete
   cycle or change fuse.




                                                                                                         FIGURE 19




                 FIGURE 16                                          FIGURE 17                            FIGURE 20
Lenses                                         Lens Controls                                                                   10



Hasselblad cameras may be equipped             17)   Focusing Ring with distance engravings
with either "C" lenses or "CF" lenses. The     18)   Lock for "F" setting ("CF" lens only)
"c" lenses have a VXM lever on the left        19)   Aperture Setting Ring with aperture engravings
side (Fig. 21)                                 20)   Shutter Speed Ring with shutter speed engravings
This control is only on the "C" lenses (Fig.   21)   Index for distance, aperture &shutter speed
21), not the "CF" types (Fig. 22). Other-      22)   EVS Engravings
wise, the lenses differ only in the location   23)   Index for EVS Setting
and operation of the lens controls.            24)   Lever for unlocking aperture & shutter speed (on "c" lenses only)
                                               25)   Button for interlocking aperture and shutter speed rings (On "CF" only)
                                               26)   Movable depth of field indicators (on "c" lenses only)
                                               27)   Engraved depth of field indicators (on "CF" lenses only)
                                               28)   Flash Sync Lever, (must be on X or M) (on "c" lenses only)
                                               29)   Flash cable connector
                                               30)   Manual diaphragm stop down



                 C Lens                                        CF Lens




               FIGURE 21                                        FIGURE 22
                                      11



            C Lenses




FIGURE 23     FIGURE 24   FIGURE 25
            CF Lenses




FIGURE 26     FIGURE 27   FIGURE 28
Viewing                                                                                         Diopter Adjustment                                  12



The prism viewfinder (13) provides a           NOTE: It is recommended that you remove          The prism viewfinder is equipped with an
magnified, upright and laterally correct       your eyeglasses. Eyeglasses prevent the close    adjustable eyepiece (14) (Fig. 29). It may
image. Make certain that you always see        contact between eye and eyepiece. They also      be adjusted to your eyesight for accurate
                                               allow objectionable light to enter between the
the entire square groundglass screen from                                                       focusing and strain-free viewing. Remove
                                               eyeglasses and eye. (Fig. 31).
corner to corner. This requires placing                                                         lens from camera. Remove eyeglasses.
your eye firmly against the rubber eyecup                                                       View through finder and turn diopter
(16) and in the optical center of the eye-                                                      adjusting ring (14) until the groundglass
piece lens (Fig. 29 & 31).This is especially                                                    screen appears critically sharp. Remove
important when photographing through the                                                        the eye, relax it for a moment by looking
windows in the space shuttle. You may not                                                       at infinity, and view through the finder
see a window frame cutting into part of the                                                     once more to ascertain that the screen is
image unless you move your eye around                                                           still sharp. The eyepiece is now adjusted
the viewing screen. The rubber eyecup                                                           to your eyes. Lock it with screw (15) (Fig.
which 0ffers a comfortable support for                                                          29).
viewing can be turned for left or right eye
viewing. Pressing eye and forehead firmly                                                       NOTES:
towards the viewfinder eyepiece also                                                            a) It is suggested that you read the diopter
provides an important camera support for                                                        setting after adjusting the eyepiece to your eye-
increased camera steadiness.                                                                    sight (-1 in Fig. 30). This makes it unnecessary
                                                                                                to repeat the diopter adjustment after someone
                                                              FIGURE 30
                                                                                                else uses the camera simply set it to your pre-
                                                                                                determined number (-1 for example) and lock it.
                                                                                                b) If you cannot view without eyeglasses,
                                                                                                make the adjustment on the diopter correction
                                                                                                eyepiece with the glasses on. c) The viewfinder
                                                                                                is not meant to be a handle for carrying the
                                                                                                camera.
                                                                                                d) Should the image in the finder appear dark
                                                                                                the diaphragm in the lens is probably stopped
                                                                                                down. To re-open it, proceed as described
                                                                                                under "lens aperture" (Page 22).




           FIGURE 29                                        FIGURE 31
Focusing                                                                                                     13



The prism finder is also used for focusing     NOTES:
the lens (setting the lens for the camera to   a) With the 250mm lens, one of the range finder
subject distance). The groundglass screen      fields remains dark. Focusing must be done in
                                               the microprism or groundglass area.
is split into various sections (Fig. 32):
                                               b) The image always appears sharp in the
(A) Groundglass screen area.                   rangefinder area, so you must have a straight
(B) Bright microprism area.                    line intersecting the split.
(C) Split image rangefinder.

The distance is set by turning the focusing
ring on the lens until one or more of the
following conditions are achieved:
1) The image (Fig. 33a) appears sharp
   on the groundglass (Fig. 33b).
2) You see a fine detailed image within
   the microprism area (Fig. 33b).
3) A straight line crossing the split in the
   rangefinder (Fig. 34a) appears unbro-
   ken (Fig. 34b).




               FIGURE 32                                      FIGURE 33                          FIGURE 34
Focusing Suggestions                                           Depth of Field                                    14



1) For fast and accurate focusing, turn                        Theoretically, on Iy subjects that are
   the focusing ring quickly back and forth                    exactly at the focused distance (Fig. 37)
   over the point of sharpness making                          appear sharp on the film. Sharpness
   smaller and smaller back and forth                          gradually falls off in front of and beyond
   movements until the point of sharp-                         the set distance. On the photographic print
   ness is locked in. This is better than                      or transparency, however, some degree of
   turning the focusing ring slowly in one                     "unsharpness" is acceptable. This range
   direction towards the point of focus                        of acceptable sharpness is called depth
   (Fig. 36).                                                  of field. One third of the total depth of field
2) Do not try to focus visually for earth                      is in front of the focused distance and two
   shots, simply set lens at infinity.                         thirds beyond (Fig. 37).
3) If all the important elements are at the                    The depth of field scale on the lens is
   same distance (not some closer and                          used to determine the depth of field range.
   some further away), simply turn the fo-
                                                               On Hasselblad C lenses (Fig. 38/39)
   cusing ring until these subjects appear
                                                               depth of field is indicated by the two red
   sharp in the finder.
                                                               pointers which move automatically as
4) If important subjects are at different          FIGURE 36   the aperture ring is turned. The distances
   distances (in front & rear of cargo bay
                                                               opposite the two red pointers indicate the
   for instance) try to set the lens so that
                                                               range of acceptable sharpness.
   both are sharp. That means setting the
   lens for depth of field.                                    On the Hasselblad CF lenses, the depth of
                                                               field is engraved (Fig. 40/ 41 ). Read the
                                                               close and far distances opposite the two
                                                               white lines corresponding to the aperture
                                                               set on lens (11 if lens set at f/11 ).
                                                               The depth of field range depends mainly
NOTE: The CF lenses have distance scales in                    on the lens aperture. At large apertures
feet and meters. The footage scale is in orange,               (f/5.6 in Fig. 38 &40) depth of field is less
the meter scale in white.                                      than at small apertures, (f/22 in Fig. 39 &
                                                               41 ).
                                                                                            15


                           Depth of Field at different apertures




     FIGURE 38                           FIGURE 39                     FIGURE 40
Large Aperture gives                  Small aperture gives         Large aperture gives
shallow depth of field                great depth of field         shallow depth of field




                                                                      FIGURE 41
                                                                   Small aperture gives
                         FIGURE 37                                 great depth of field
Depth of Field with Different Lenses                                                                                          16



Depth of field also varies with lens focal     NOTE: Sharpness beyond the depth of field
length. The 50mm lens (Fig. 43) has            range falls off more rapidly with the longer
more depth of field than the 100mm (Fig.       lenses. Backgrounds are blurred more with the
                                               250mm than the 50mm wide angle.
44). The 250mm (Fig. 45) has less if the
lenses are used from the same distance
(each lens covers a different area).
The 50mm has depth of field from 50 feet
down to 7 feet (Fig. 43) the 100mm at the
same aperture from 50 feet only down to
17 feet (Fig. 44), while the 250mm goes
from 50 feet only down to 40 feet (Fig. 45).



                  50mm                                              100mm                                   250mm




               FIGURE 43                                        FIGURE 44                                  FIGURE 45

50mm Wide Angle has depth of                   100mm standard has depth of field               250mm Telephoto has depth of
field from 50' down to 7'                      from 50' down to 17'                            field from 50' down to 40'
Focusing for Depth                                                                                17
of Field


If subjects at different distances are to be    NOTE: If the two distances cannot be placed
recorded sharply, set the lens for depth of     within the depth of field range (because of
field. Proceed as follows:                      exposure requirements), decide whether it is
                                                more important to have the background or the
1) Focus the lens at the farthest subject       foreground sharp, and set the lens accordingly.
   to be sharp. Read the distance on the
   scale (30') (Fig. 46).
2) Focus the lens at the closest subject
   to be sharp. Read the distance on the
   focusing scale (8') (Fig. 47).
3) Set the lens, so the two distances are
   within the depth of field indicators (Fig.
   48).




                                                              FIGURE 46
                                                           30' is the farthest
                                                           subject distance
Focusing for Depth of Field                                                    18




                              FIGURE 47   8' is the closest subject distance




                              FIGURE 48   14' is the distance set on lens
Use of Lenses                                                                                                                                          19



Three different focal length lenses are
used on Hasselblad. The focal length
engraved on the lens determines the
angle of view and thus the size of the area
included in the picture.
1) The 100mm Planar has a diagonal
   angle of view of 43



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