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2200 Manual Section 3


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OPTIMOD-FM 2200                                                                            OPERATION
                                                                                                       3-1

          Section 3
Operation
  page    contents


   3-3    2200 Controls and Meters
   3-5    Introduction to Processing
   3-7    About the Processing Structures
   3-7    Factory Programming Presets
   3-9    Customizing the 2200's Two-Band Sound
   3-11   Two-Band Processing Control Details
   3-19   Customizing The Protection Limiter Structure Sound
   3-19       Protection/Limiting Control Details

   3-21   2200 Screen Displays




                                               Caution
                     The installation and servicing instructions in this manual are for
                     use by qualified personnel only. To avoid electric shock do not
                     perform any servicing other than that contained in the Operating
                     Instructions unless you are qualified to do so. Refer all servicing
                     to qualified service personnel.
3-2   OPERATION   OPTIMOD-FM 2200



                                    page
OPTIMOD-FM 2200                                                                              OPERATION
                                                                                                         3-3
 2200 Controls and Meters

  2200 Front Panel
  Screen Display labels the four soft key buttons and provides control setting informa-
  tion.
             Screen Saver feature: The screen has a built-in screen saver that turns off
             the backlight after approximately one hour. The screen turns back on when
             any front panel control is touched. Note that buttons don't perform their
             normal function when the screen is blank. Similarly, the control knob's
             first turn is not read, until it stops for a second or so.

  Contrast Button adjusts the optimum viewing angle of the screen display. Press this
  button to cycle through four contrast settings for the screen display.
  Four Soft Key Buttons provide access to all 2200 functions and controls. The
  functions of the buttons change with each screen according to the labels at the bottom
  of each screen. Push a button:
             To select options (always identified on the screen by all-capital-letter
             words surrounded by left and right vertical bars), press the button directly
             below the option.
             To change a parameter setting (always identified by lower-case letters or
             numerals), hold down the button directly below the parameter setting, turn
             the control knob to scroll through choices, and release the button to set the
             parameter.

  Control Knob is used for changing data in one of three methods.
             To scroll through submenu choices: Presets (on Recall Preset screen),
             FULL CONTROL parameters (on Modify Processing FULL CONTROL
             screen) and 8 Remote Interfaces (on System Setup REMOTE INTERFACE
             screen).
             To change a parameter setting, by simultaneously holding down a soft key.
             The parameters being changed take effect immediately, except for the
             following system level controls: MODE (on test screen), MODE (on Stereo
             Encoder screen), INPUT, AO PRE-E, DO PRE-E, DO RATE, DO SYNC and
             XTLK TEST. The setting for these controls do not take effect until the soft
             key is released.
             To adjust the LESS-MORE control. Adjusting this control changes the
             sound immediately.

  Escape Button returns the user to the previous screen; pressing this button repeatedly
  will always return you to main screen, which shows the on-air preset name.
  Recall Preset Button brings up a screen that displays the current on-air preset and next
  preset (which can be changed by turning the control knob). To put a different preset
  on-air, turn the control knob to find the preset desired, then press the RECALL NEXT
  soft key.
             When the button's yellow LED is lit, the Recall Preset screen is displayed.
3-4   OPERATION                                                                          OPTIMOD-FM 2200



                  Modify Processing Button brings up a screen to modify parameters for the current
                  on-air preset. For Two-Band presets: LESS-MORE, EQ and FULL CONTROL. For the
                  Protection preset, DRIVE and 30HzHPF.
                            When the button's yellow LED is lit, the Modify Processing screen (or one
                            of its submenus) is displayed.

                  System Setup Button brings up a screen to modify system settings (such as I/O
                  levels). There are four System Setup submenus: I/O CALIB, STEREO ENCODER, RE-
                  MOTE INTERFACE, TEST.
                            When the button's yellow LED is lit, the System Setup screen (or one of
                            its submenus) is displayed.

                  HF Limiting LEDs light when the high-frequency content of audio is being limited
                  by the very fast high-frequency limiters. These LEDs indicate when greater than 0.5dB
                  HF limiting is occurring.
                  Gated LED indicates gate activity, lighting when the input audio falls below the
                  threshold set by the gate threshold control (Modify Processing screen GATE THRS
                  control). When this happens, the compressor's recovery time is drastically slowed to
                  prevent noise rush-up during low-level passages.
                  Composite Meter is a 10-segment bargraph showing the stereo encoder's composite
                  output level before the composite level controls.
                  Function Button selects which of three functions are displayed in the Function
                  meters: Enhance, L/R Input or L/R Output.
                  Function LEDs indicate which function is currently displayed by the Function meters:
                  Enhance, L/R Input or L/R Output. Press the Function button to toggle between the
                  three functions.
                  Function Meter indicates level of Enhance, L/R Channel Input or Output, as selected
                  with Function button. The meters operate over a -27dB to 0dB range. Input meters are
                  referenced to clip level. Output meters are referenced to 100% modulation level. HF
                  Enhance meter shows the active amount of enhancement activity. Since the HF
                  Enhancement is program-dependent, it will vary with source material and the HF
                  parameter. Note: HF Enhance is displayed only on the left-hand meter, below "HF."
                  Stereo Encoder Screwdriver-Adjustable Controls
                            Orban supplies a special green-handled flat-blade screwdriver (Xcelite
                            R3323) to adjust the stereo encoder controls.

                  Comp 1 sets the output level of Composite Output 1.
                  Comp 2 sets the output level of Composite Output 2.
OPTIMOD-FM 2200                                                                                OPERATION
                                                                                                           3-5
  Introduction to Processing

Some Audio Processing Concepts
Loudness is increased by reducing the peak-to-average ratio of the audio. If peaks are
reduced, the average level can be increased within the permitted modulation limits. The
effectiveness with which this can be accomplished without introducing objectionable side
effects (such as clipping distortion) is the single best measure of audio processing effective-
ness.
Compression reduces the difference in level between the soft and loud sounds to make more
efficient use of permitted peak level limits, resulting in a subjective increase in the loudness
of soft sounds. It cannot make loud sounds seem louder. Compression reduces dynamic
range relatively slowly in a manner similar to riding the gain: limiting and clipping, on the
other hand, reduce the short-term peak-to-average ratio of the audio.
Limiting increases audio density. Increasing density can make loud sounds seem louder, but
can also result in an unattractive busier, flatter, or denser sound. It is important to be aware
of the many negative subjective side effects of excessive density when setting controls that
affect the density of the processed sound.
Clipping sharp peaks does not produce any audible side effects when done moderately.
Excessive clipping will be perceived as audible distortion.

Distortion in Processing
In a competently-designed processor, distortion occurs only when the processor is clipping
peaks to prevent the audio from exceeding the peak modulation limits of the transmission
channel. The less clipping that occurs, the less likely that the listener will hear distortion.
However, to reduce clipping, you must decrease the drive level to the clipper, which causes
the average level (and thus, the loudness) to decrease proportionally.
The FM pre-emphasis curve introduces further complications. Pre-emphasis boosts the
treble at 6dB/octave starting at 2.1kHz (for 75



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