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i
OPERATORS GUIDE
MODEL 1610A
LOGIC STATE ANALYZER
* " @COPYRIGHT HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY/COLORADO SPRINGS DIVISION 1977
1900 GARDEN OF THE GODS ROAD, COLORADO SPRINGS, COLORADO, U.S.A.
-7
,. -.
,.' ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
L.' ;"
`I /F' _
Manual Part Number 0161 o-90903
Microfiche Part Number 0161 o-90803 PRINTED: AUG 1977
SAFETY SUMMARY 7
t i
The following general satefy precautions must be observed during all phases of operation, service,
P
and repair of this instrument. Failure to comply with these precautions or with specific warnings
elsewhere in this manual vioiafes safety standards of design, manufacture, and intended use of the
instrument. Hewlett-Packard Company assumes no i/ability for the customer's failure to comply -I
with these requirements.
r.J
GROUND THE INSTRUMENT.
To mrnrmrze shock hazard, the instrument chassis and cabinet must be connected to an electrical
ground The tnstrument I S equipped with a three-conductor ac power cable. The power cable
rnust etther be plugged Into an approved three-contact elEctrical outlet or used with a three-contact
to two-contact adapter with the grounding wire (green) firmly connected to an electrical ground
(safety groundi at the power outlet, The power jack and mating plug of the power cable meet
lnternarronal Elt:lctrotechnrcal Commrssion (IEC) safety standards. -.
DO NOT OPERATE IN AN EXPLOSIVE ATMOSPHERE. I.
Do not operate the instrument in the presence of flammable gases or fumes. Operation of any "I
electrrcal instrument In such an environment constitutes a definite safety hazard.
I;.I
KEEP AWAY FROM LIVE CIRCUITS.
`1
OperatIn!] personnel must not remove instrument covers. Component replacement and internal
adjustments must be made by qualified maintenance personnel. Do not replace components with
II
power cable connected. Under certain conditions, dangerous voltages may exist even with the
power cable removed To avoid Injuries, always disconnect power and discharge circuits before
touching them
DO NOT SERVICE OR ADJUST ALONE.
Do not attempt internal service or adjustment unless another person, capable of rendering first aid
and resu:;cttation IS present.
USE CAUTION WHEN EXPOSING OR HANDLING THE CRT.
Breakage of the Cathode-ray Tube (CRT) causes a high-velocity scattering of glass fragments (implosion).
To prevent CRT Implosion, avoid rough handling or jarring of the instrument. Handling of the CRT shall
be done only by qualified maintenance personnel using approved safety mask and gloves.
DO NOT SUBSTITUTE PARTS OR MODIFY INSTRUMENT.
Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substrtute parts or perform
any unauthorized modifrcatron to the instrument. Return the instrument to a Hewlett-Packard
Sales and Service Office for service and repair to ensure that safety features are maintained.
DANGEROUS PROCEDURE WARNINGS.
Warnings such as the example below, precede potentially dangerous procedures throughout this
manual Instructions contained In the warntngs must be followed ,
pzz--l 1:i
Dangerous voltages, capable of causing death, are present in this instrument.
i'
Use ex'treme caution when handling, testing, and adjusting.
ss-2-l f76
i,
i:
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
PREFACE ..................................................................... iv
CHAPTER I: tNTRODUCTlON TO HP MODEL 1610A LOGIC ANALYZER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
The Keyboard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Current /Measurement Display Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Entry Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Edit Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Execute Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
ProbeThreshold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Probe Pod Cable Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The R e a r P,anel......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Basic Information About Menu Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Menu Title and Machine Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Error, Warning, and Information Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Muftrple--choice Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Entry Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Cursor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Menu Display Sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CHAPTER II: OPERATING YOUR 1610A ........................................... 13
Preparing for Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Quick Run-through Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Now What? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
CHAPTER III: DETAILED MENU DESCRIPTIONS .................................... 19
Introduction ................................................................ 19
Format Specification Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Trace Specification Menu., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Trace List Menu.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Trace Graph Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Trace Cornpare Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
CHAPTER IV: POSITIONING THE TRACE WINDOW IN DATA FLOW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Example 1: :Simple Single-state Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Example 2: Single-state Trace with Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Example 3: Tracing Specific Data Path in a Branching Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Example 4: Tracing Specific Path in Multiple-branch Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Example 5: Multiple-branch Path Completed in a Single Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Example 6: Tracing a Direct Jump in a Multiple-branch Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Example 7: Tracing Program Flow in Nested Loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
CHAPTER V: PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Introduction.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Initiation of Performance Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Display Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Keyboard Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Trace Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Interrupt-rest ............................................................. 43
Printer Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
APPENDIX A: GLOSSARY. ..................................................... A-l
APPENDIX B: MESSAGES ...................................................... B-l
...
III
PREFACE
------- HOW TO USE THIS BOOK ------- f'
I,
!
How you use this book is largely a matter of your experience with Logic State
i.
Analyzers.
I*
An experienced Logic State Analyzer operator can begin using the Hewlett-Packard
1610A after getting acquainted with it in Chapter I and II.
If this IS, your first opportunity to use a Logic State Analyzer, go through the book
page by page so you thoroughly understand your instrument and how it works. 7
I" .I
You may want to try something you're not sure of, or that is not described in the
?
book. TRY IT! You won't damage the 161 OA. If what you try is not acceptable to the
instrument, it will tell you why on the display.
1;
------- WHEN TO USE THIS BOOK ------- ,
Ii
Whatever your experience level, use selected portions of the book the first time you
operate your 161 OA.
Study the material presented here whenever you have a few minutes. Some of the
machine capabilities are rather subtle; thorough understanding of them will put you
in a position of being ready when that new, complex measurement problem presents i;
itself.
I.
iV
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION TO YOUR
HP MODEL 1610A LOGIC STATE ANALYZER
-mm____ GENERAL m______
Your Hewlett-Packard Model 1610A Logic State Analyzer (called simply 1610A in
this book) is a general-purpose instrument which extends measurement capabilities
in the Data Domain beyond the capabilities of any previous machine.
Analysis of the most advanced state machines, and the most complex software, is
possible using the 161 OA. Yet Operating simplicity has been achieved by user-oriented
engineering design; the 161 OA performs many routine "house-keeping" chores that
the operator used to do.
As you go through this book, you may find some unfamiliar terms generated by the
unique characteristics of the 161 OA. A glossary of these terms is included in the back
of the book as Appendix A.
---THE KEYBOARD -------
The 1610A keyboard contains 39 keys divided into four functional groups. A fold-
out illustration of the keyboard is at the back of this book for easy reference as you
work.
1
Current Measurement Display Group:
CURRENT MEASUREMENT
DISPLAY
ROLL DISPLAY
GRAPH GRAPH 0
Calls up a display menu which allows you to select clock slope, logic
polarity, and number base parameters. Also permits formatting 32
input channels into labelled groups (see FORMAT MENU, Chapter
III).
Calls up a display menu in which you specify state and count mea-
surements (see TRACE SPECIFICATION MENU, Chapter Ill).
Calls up display menu in which current measurement and count data
are displayed (see TRACE LIST MENU, Chapter Ill).
Calls up graphed display of current measurement data for any speci-
fied label (see GRAPH MENU, Chapter Ill).
Calls up display menu in which current measurement data is EXCLU-
SIVE OR'ed with valid stored data; also selection of COMPARED
TRACE mode (see COMPARED TRACE MENU, Chapter Ill).
Rolls trace display in the indicated direction to view all 64 memory
states. The 20 states displayed are represented by intensified dots
in GRAPH MENU. Intensified dots on the graph shift left or right as
the trace is rolled,
ENTRY
D E F
FIELD
SELECT
1 I
A 6 c
7 8 9
4 5 6
0 1 2 3
0 - `9
Alphanumeric keys for entering information into all entry fields on
or
the displays.
A - F
Permits selection among field content variables. This key is used to
FfELD
SELECT
1 I change inverse fields which contain brackets ( [ ] ).
In entry fields:
"X" indicates that all allowed digit values are acceptable. In
octal fields allowed values of "X" are 0 through 7 (3 bits). In
hexadecimal fields allowed values for "X" are 0 through F (4 bits).
In label assignment fields:
"X" indicates that the channel is not used. An used channel is not
included in any other label reference.
3
Edit Group:
EDIT
DEFAULT
GRAPH LIMITS
I'
i
.
EDIT
I.
Insert or delete lines which allow further definition of trace location \
in program flow; or which selectively "TRACE ONLY STATES" i,
which meet any of several conditions. I'
i
DEFAULl
Returns the currently displayed menu to its simplest form.
i 3
GRAPH LIMITS
Used in TRACE GRAPH MENU only. Automatically changes upper
or lower graph limit.
CURSOR
1)
lb Used to move blinking cursor in indicated direction. ,
aD+a
v
i.
4
,I. `,I",
,,,I
,`,
.,,, `, .. ,,,:f;`i/s, " ' ,, _. ,,.,' :
"i,
`1." `Q'S .*, _,
Execute Group:
EXECUTE
STORE
CURRENTMEASUREMENT
Transfers current measurement data (with FORMAT and TRACE
SPECIFICATIONS) into separate storage memory; does NOT alter
current measurement information.
Performs an -exchange between current measurement data and
V
data in stored memory (see COMPARED TRACE, Chapter III).
Initiates a print-out of the current display (except GRAPH) on an
interfaced HP Model 9866A/B Printer.
Initiates a search in data flow to find and trace data that corresponds
to the parameters defined in the specification menus then displays
resultant data. Pressing the key one time initiates a single trace;
holding the key down places the 161 OA in the CONTINUOUS TRACE
mode, permitting observation of dynamic program flow.
Stops any "CONTINUOUSTRACE,""COMPAREDTRACE,""TRACE,"
or "PRINT" which remains "IN PROCESS."
5
Probe Threshold: ------- THE FRONT PANEL -------
MEAS: A point of attachment for a voltage measuring device when adjusting
threshold level.
ADJ: Adjustment for setting threshold level to the desired amplitude in a
range of -10 V to +lO V.
VAH/TTL: When this switch is set to TTL, the corresponding probe pod is
set to operate at TTL (1 .4 V) threshold levels. In the VAR posi-
tion, the probe pod is adjusted to required voltage at MEAS point.
COMMON: A grounding point for measuring threshold voltage levels for
any probe pod.
i,
------- PROBE POD CABLE CONNECTORS -------
Directly under the keyboard are sockets for connecting the probe pod cables. These
cables are not numbered and will operate interchangeably, except for the Clock pod.
Pod numbers in the photograph relate pod location to the FORMAT SPECIFICATION
i.
6
POD POD POD POD CLK
4 3 2 1
menu display (see Chapter III). Each connector is keyed to the socket; the
ridge in the molded plug should be on the left when being inserted in the socket.
A sprtng clip on the connector locks it in position when it is pushed to the left as shown.
Spring Clip
-+-To lock
--To plug in
Molded Plug
To Insert plug into socket, slide spring clip to the right, insert plug in socket, slide
spring clip to the left to lock in position,
There are eight data lines and a ground lead in each pod. These lines are identified by
wire colors, The white/black line represents data bit 0, the white/brown line re-
presents data bit 1, and so on to the white/violet line which represents data bit 7,
following the standard resistor value color code. A black lead indicates "ground." For
purposes of the FORMAT SPECIFICATION menu (Chapter Ill), line 0 represents the
least significant bit and line 7 represents the most significant bit.
7
1.
`, :
, I `, ,,' :,1, : `1' ., ,, " ,,,L," 1
-----mm THE REAR PANEL -s---m-
1. For installation of a future Option which will permit use of the 161 OA with the HP
Interface Bus (HP IB).
2. TRIG~GER OUT JI connector provides high repetition rate pulses useful for
triggering external instrumentation such as oscilloscopes. Pulse output begins
when them key is pressed, and a 50 ns pulse is generated each time
the trace specification is satisfied. If the trace position includes a state squence,
the pulse occurs when the last valid state is found; pulse output continues until
a new specification is traced, or until the ,L~~j$"`-.,`! I t` ".~~,I : key is pressed.
,$..;~.,`:yp* :. .tp i
:*./r 2^ `1
IS pressed.
START
5. pushbutton initiates internal performance verification routines. Perform-
m
ance verification destroys current specifications and data.
6. DATA POD connected to this socket provides a continuous 8-bit count at
10 MHz rate; also tests the data pod for accurate operation during performance
verification.
7. CLOCK POD connected to this socket uses internally generated 10 MHz clock
signal for performance verification routines.
8. Line power socket.
-.------ BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT MENU DISPLAYS -------
Some features are common to all menu displays. These features are described here
so you wiill recognize them in the following pages.
1. Menu Title and Machine Status.
The first line of all menus gives the name of the menu on the left. Machine status
is on the right and indicates the last machine operation initiated and whether the
operation is COMPLETED, FAILED, ABORTED, or IN PROCESS. When the 161 OA
is in continuous or compared trace modes, status condition will continue to flash
these possible conditions.
9
2. ERROR, WARNING, and Information Messages.
Model 1610A is a conversational machine. Line two of each menu is reserved
for communication between the 161 OA and the operator. Some of the messages,
ERROR and WARNING, imply a sense of urgency, but they do not in any way
mean damage to the machine or injury to the operator. ERROR is only to alert
the operator that he should make an immediate correction. WARNING cautions
the operator that a current entry may lead to an ERROR, or that a limit of exe-
cution has been reached. Appendix 6 lists and describes these messages in
more `detail.
3. Multiple-Choice Fields.
An inverse video field which contains brackets ( [ ] ) indicates that you have
a choice among two or more variables in defining the parameter for that partic-
ular field. Your choice is made by pressing the &Fk& key until the proper field
[ I
content is displayed. The 161 OA remembers the choice you made and carries it
into ali other menu displays where it applies.
IMPORTANT: If the COMPARED TRACE MODE selectable field is left in
[STOP=] or [STOP+], condition, it must be returned to [OFF] to restore
single or continuous trace operation in any menu.
4. Entry Fields.
Inverse video fields without brackets indicate areas where you enter alpha-
numeric characters which define labels, states of interest, or state occur-
rences
10
5. The Cursor.
A blinking inverse field one character wide, called the Cursor, indicates the
field in which a selection may be made, or the location where the next
alphanumeric character will be entered. You may reposition the cursor
CUASOR
into the desired field by using the
of the keyboard. The cursor is removed when the 161 OA is operating in any
continuous mode.
6. Menu Display Sections.
Each section of the menu display is given a title describing the data parameter
which it controls. Section titles are positioned along the left margin of the display.
11/(12 blank)
Chapter II
OPERATING YOUR 1610A
------- PREPARING FOR OPERATION -------
Naturally, you want to get your 161 OA "on the air" as soon as you can. This chapter
will help you accomplish this. Let's get started!
1. Connect the Data Pods and the Clock Pod cables under the keyboard as
described in Chapter I.
CAUTION
`Your 1610A can be damaged if you operate it from a voltage
source different than that for which the internal Voltage
Selector switches are set. These switches are set at the factory
for operation on 110-120 Vat. If your primary power source is
different, have qualified service personnel change the Voltage
Selector switches to agree. Probe input limit 515 V peak.
2. Plug the 1610A into the primary power source and set the front-rail LINE
switch (see keyboard fold-out) to the ON position. The power indicator light will
come on if power is present and an audible signal will indicate that the 1610A is in
a power-up condition. If you wish to do a Performance Verification procedure, see
Chapter V.
3. In a few seconds, a display will appear on the CRT and you are ready to start
operation.
13
-----mm
A QUICK RUN-THROUGH PROCEDURE -------
1. The display immediately seen on power-up is shown below. The first line shows
that this is the FORMAT SPECIFICATION menu, and the machine status shows that
the last operation initiated, Power-up, is complete.
2. Line two shows a WARNING signal alerting you to a SLOW CLOCK condition.
This message is a good indicator during operation that a clock probe has come loose,
or that the system under test is malfunctioning. See Chapter III for a detailed discus-
sion of the FORMAT SPECIFICATION menu.
3. Connect probe pod 1 and the clock probe pod to their respective sockets in
the PERFORMANCE VERIFICATION section on the rear panel. These ports provide a
continuous 8-bit count at a 10 MHz rate. Notice that when this is done, the SLOW
CLOCK message disappears.
4. Press the key in the EXECUTE section of the keyboard. Notice that
the 161 CIA automatically goes to the TRACE LIST menu, and the machine status
reminds you that the last operation you initiated was TRACE, and the operation is
COMPLETE:.
14
5. The resulting trace consists of eight hexadecima?
digits representing 32 bits of data. Six of the digits are
constant (data pods not connected) and two bits are
counting from 0016 to FFt6. Trace starting point
is also indicated. Each successive line of memory is
numbered with a positive decimal integer for ease of
reading. The `I+" sign indicates that the state fol-
i/
lows the trace state in positive time. /
6. Press and hold CURRENT MEASUREMENT DISPLAY
section of the keyboard. The display moves up enabling you to view any part
of the 64state memory. When the end of memory is reached, an audible signal
will sound, and a p message alerts you that an operating limit
has been reached; the display will roll no further. Release the ROLL DISPLAY key and
the message will disappear.
,)< s
.&&`i~~ ?$+i'. ,*,r&~~: "< c
""u,
7 press yy,s.;,. 1" i ;:.s"?%T
,;q_ ~,p;Amrr&7L'- 8.' i, " ' in CURRENT MEASUREMENT DISPLAY section of the
&p
**<"`* ~& ~~i
keyboard. The format specification menu reappears and allows you to define state
parameters for a more useful display. See Chapter III for detailed discussion of
FORMAT SPECIFICATION menu.
8 use Q i Q ( C U R S O R ) k e y s i n the EDIT section of the
(1,
keyboard to move the blinking cursor (now located at
15
X
9 Use the DcobFJR;T key in ENTRY section of the keyboard to enter "X" in all bit
posrtions in Pod 2, Pod 3, and Pod 4 columns. Holding the key down causes the "X"
to be entered continuously in each field.
10. Move the cursor to the selectable field.
Press $&!& repeatedly until the field contains m number base.
II
i
1 1. Press key. The TRACE SPECIFICATION menu allows you to
control trace and count measurements. See Chapter III for a detailed discussion of I-
this menu.
t I
12. The cursor is in LT. Press SF repeatedly until field reads
13. Move cursor to open field in label F column and enter 0008. Now you
have specified that state 0008 is to be centered in the trace.
14. Press key in the EDIT section of the keyboard. Another line is now
available for further definition of trace position. Enter 0008 in the added open field
With these few keystrokes, you have told
the 16iOA: "Fiecognlze state 0008 the first time it appears after trace execution
is requested. When state 0008 is recognized again, initiate a trace in which this
second occurrence is centered." But that's not all.
16
15. Move the cursor to themc OFF jselectable field and press FlELD
YLE7
until the field reads mc T~lIE I( Now you have further specified that when
the trace is initiated, the 1610A is to count elapsed time
8-bit count cycle from 0008 to 0008.
16. Press the key. The TRACE LIST
menu display (see Chapter III for a detailed description) now
shows the second occurrence of 0008 centered in the _I
I
trace. Data leading up to this state are designated by
negative line numbers, and data following this state
have positive numbers (negative and positive time, respec-
tively). /
17. Press ROLL DISPLAY until beginning
of the trace is displayed. The display shows the first
!
occurrence of 0008 as SEQUENCE. The TIME (in decimal
ABSolute time) reads -25.6 microseconds. Since absolute
times are measured from the trace state, it is clear that
the elapsed time from first recognition to second
is 25.6 rc(s.
' I
`,
,. .:
`: :, .%l,`:r.
,,
18. Press in CURRENT MEASUREMENT DISPLAY section of the keyboard.
The resulting display shows all 64 states in memory. The first state in the trace is at
the extreme left and the last state (state 64) is at the extreme right. Vertical position
is determined by state value with respect to the UPPER LIMIT and LOWER LIMIT
values. Inl:ensified dots indicate the portion of the current valid data displayed when
`_
! key is pressed. Press ROLL DISPLAY and observe intensified dots
,$p N
shift to the right
-s-w--sNOW WHA T? s-----w
This procedure does not demonstrate all the features of your 161 OA, but it gives
you a good idea of operating methods, You begin to recognize the inter-relationships
between the keybaord and the displays, or between one display and another. Maybe
this all Yost need to start making meaningful measurements in your system. But if you
need more detailed information, Chapter III will give it to you.
18
Chapter III
DETAILED MENU DESCRIPTIONS
-w----w /NTRODUCT/()N ----m-m
This chapter is intended to help you in two ways:
A quick reminder of the purpose
and content of each menu;
and
A detailed description of each
menu to help solve complex
measurement problems.
To do this, each menu is given a separate fold-out page. A summary of menu capabil-
ities appears first before the page is unfolded. You can glance through these sum-
maries until you find the menu with the capability you need.
When you have located the menu that seems to have what you need, unfold the
page for detailed study. Many illustrations are included to help relate the descriptions
to what you see on the display.
19/(20 blank)
FORMAT SPECIFICATION
MENU
l Permits selection of desired Clock Slope.
l Permits assignment of any of six labels to groups of input lines regardless
of Pod boundaries Unused channels may be turned off.
l Indicates presence or absence of activity on each input channel.
l Permits selection of logic polarity to be used in each label group.
l Permits selection of numerical base to be used in each label group.
THE FORMAT SPECIFICATION MENU
Headings aligned with the left margin separate the display into sections indicating
the signal parameters controlled by each section; for example, "CLOCK SLOPE".
Any inverse field containing brackets ( [ ] ) indicates that the operator may
select from variable field contents.
Parentheses enclose field content choices available to the operator.
When the blinking cursor is in this field (or any variable field), pressing S/T
changes i:he field variable
Column headings are a fixed part of the display and permit quick identification of
each channel in the label assignment groups.
Entry fields in each pod column allow entry of label designations.
Parentheses enclose labels available for selection by the operator.
Label "X" %iiz turns off channels to which it is assigned.
One label may be assigned to any number of continuous adjacent channels regard-
Labels assigned to non-continuous channels are not allowed.
These are called SPLIT LABELS; e.g.,
In case of a split label, 1-m appears on line 2 of the display, and an
audible signal alerts the operator. The cursor is locked into the label assignment
field until the split label condition is corrected. No EXECUTE command can be
initiated while a split label condition exists.
i.
The symbol `I!" indicates channel activity at probe line inputs. Inputs are
sampled at a :I ms rate, and each bit that has changed states in 100 samples will be
marked with "I".
Each label assigned in the Label Assignment fields will automatically be entered
in this section.
Logic polarity and numerical base may be defined appropriately for each label
group independent of Pod boundaries.
Logic Polarity and Numerical Base field content may be selected from choices shown
in parentheses under each field name.
Field content is changed by positioning the cursor in the desired field and then pressing
the SE key.
All FORMAT SPECIFICATION label group parameters are automatically entered in
other menus. The FORMAT SPECIFICATION may be recalled and edited at any time
by pressing thle key.
TRACE SPECIFICATION
MENU
0 IPositions a selected state at the [START], [CENTER], or [END] of the trace
measurement.
l ESstablishes a state sequence condition which must be satisfied before the
trace measurement is made.
l Restricts the trace measurement to "ONLY STATES" which satisfy the
given state conditions.
l !Specifies a count of the occurrences of a given state; or time interval mea-
surement of each state acquired in the data trace.
TRACE SPECIFICATION MENU
Each label and its numerical base defined in the FORMAT menu is automatically
entered in the TRACE SPECIFICATION menu.
An additional open field, OCCURrence, allows the operator to specify, in decimal
notation, the number of times a state must be recognized before it is entered as
valrd data in memory. NOTE: a 0 in the "units" position is not allowed.
POSITIONING A GIVEN STATE IN THE DATA TRACE
FT~R~: Positions the specified state at the start of the
memory; display shows the specified state and 19 fol-
lowing states. IJ-
CENTERED: Positions the specified state at the center of the
memory; display shows 9 preceding states, specified
state, and 10 following states. T--
memory; display shows 19 preceding states and specified
state.
Open fields permit entry of alphanumeric information that defines the desired state.
If information is entered in two or more label fields, both states must be recognized
simultaneously to initiate a trace.
Any assigned label may be used to define the trace state.
POSITIONING DATA TRACE IN PROGRAM FLOW
With the cursor located in the [ ] TRACE field, the (ji,,:,-' key will insert ad-
_L "-
ditional lines to establish a state sequence of up to seven members.
Each member of a state sequence must be recognized in order (after occurring the
number of times specified in OCCUR field) before it is acquired into memory.
When all members of the state sequence have been recognized in order, the trace
state positions the specified state condition in memory when the trace measurement
is executed.
When SEC RESE!T field is ON, you may specify a state which, when recognized
before the state sequence is satisfied, will restart the entire sequence search. Chapter
IV gives examples of uses.
WHAT TO TRACE
This section of the display allows the operator to define which state(s) will be traced
into memory after the state sequence is satisfied.
m
Thts condition of the selectable field indicates that the 1610A is to trace all states
which occur after completing state sequence conditions.
key has been used to add lines. Desired states can be entered and they instruct
the 161 OA to gather only these states into memory. Additional lines may be entered
--"
using :,* key so that [ONLY STATES] may be specified in the trace mea-
surement.
Entering a decimal value in the OCCUR column instructs the 161 OA to count
occurrences of each state in the TRACE section simultaneously. When any state
satisfies the count specification, it is gathered into memory and the count is restarted
on all states.
STATE/TIME COUNTS
With the COUNT field in this condition, the operator may instruct the 1610A to
count occurrences of a specific state in program flow and store resultant count, along
with data, during the measurement.
With the COUNT field in this condition, the 1610A counts time intervals between
states. More information about state and time counts appears in the TRACE LIST
MENU.
mc liFr1(
With the COUNT field in this condition, internal counters are not displayed.
i
The following illustration specifies the starting addresses of three separate program
blocks which must be recognized sequentially to arrive at the block of program to be
investigated. As the program block of interest is entered at the trace state address,
a trace is initiated. The next 60 states are gathered into memory with the trace state
at the start.
Since each program block may contain many hundreds of program steps, this tech-
nique permits the operator to ignore thousands of program steps which are not perti-
nent to the desired measurement. You have, in effect, an apparent memory depth
which is, for all intents and purposes, limitless.
STATE TRACE
SEOUENCE STATE
I
I
I
ll-Y--1 I II
II r --i+
WHAT
TO
TRACE
TRACE LIST
MENU
l Lists in memory all data in program flow and displays data according to
FORMAT and TRACE specifications.
l Displays count of selected states.
l Displays time interval
TRACE LIST MENU
All labels and their respective number bases defined in the FORMAT specification
are automatically entered in the TRACE LIST menu when ,,;I pressed.
is
Data displayed in each label column shows (in this case)
address, data, and control or qualifier line information for each successive state
traced into memory, For example, at line i- 04, address 2899 shows data 96 and
control line condition low.
The dotted lines in the display appear after each four lines for convenience in
reading the display.
DISPLAY WITH STATE COUNT OR TIME COUNT
[REL]: [ABS]:
Shows count value RELative Shows absolute count value
to previous valid state; i.e., with respect to trace state.
five state counts between Count prefixed with "+I' or
line one and line two. Count I, -" to show after trace state
values always expressed in or before trace state respec-
decimal notation. tively; i.e., "+18" means 18
counts after trace state.
[ REL]: :ABS]:
Time interval values shown Time interval values are shown
are relative to previous time with respect to trace state in
interval value; i.e., 10 fls terms of `I-" (before) or "f"
between first time interval (after) trace state occurrence;
and next state. Values are i.e., +l .O ps after the trace
expres:sed in ,YS, ms, or s in state.
real time.
Pressing recalls data stored in current memory. This makes it possible to
recall current data at any time while examining other menus, until a new trace
measurement IS (executed.
See also TRACE COMPARE MENU or TRACE GRAPH for expanded use of this
,trace list.
TRACEGRAPH
MENU
l Allows the operator to produce a graph of the data trace.
l Any label assigned in the FORMAT SPECIFICATION menu can be
graphed.
l Graph may be viewed in single or continuous TRACE.
l Sel'ectable upper and lower value limits for graphing.
27/(28 blank)
GRAPH MENU
HOW THE GRAPH IS DERIVED
Each dot on the graph represents one state in the trace list.
The position of each dot is plotted on a horizontal coordinate representing the
location of the state in the trace, starting with the first state at the extreme left, and the
last state at the extreme right. The vertical coordinate represents the value of each
state with respect to the pre-selected upper and lower value limits.
Horizontal Dolt
Positioning
r
State
#l
*State
#64
,. I
!/I
Vertical Dot Positioning
These open fields allow you to enter the value limits you desire within which the
states are to be graphed, e.g.:
Assuming that hexadecimal values
B9 and 00 have been assigned to the
upper and lower limit respectively,
this graph indicates that state 2 has
a value of A5.
-9 message will appear
8
when one or more state values are
outside the specified value limits as in
the accompanying display.
Appearance of this message does not necessarily indicate a faulty measurement,
it is only the machine reminder to you that some data inputs are not appearing
on the graph.
This portion of the display indicates which label group is currently being graphed.
Any label assigned in the FORMAT specification may be selected for graphing,
Use the 5 key to select the label you wish.
Intensified Dots
Intensified dots on the TRACE GRAPH represent the twenty states displayed if
you press the key. When the trace is rolled, these intensified dots will shift
as the displayed trace shifts. In this way, it is easy to use the ROLL DISPLAY keys to
locate and identify any specific dot of interest and read its actual value in TRACE
LIST.
Dynamic Graph
By pressing the key and holding it down, you can watch dynamic
program flow on the TRACE GRAPH in a continuous TRACE mode.
TRACE COMPARE
MENU
l Permits "EXCLUSIVE 0R"ing of current measurement data with a stored
standard.
l Permiits continuous compare of current measurement data with a known
standard with "Stop if Equal" capability.
l Permit continuous compare of current measurement data with a known
standard with "Stop if Not Equal" capability.
l Permits "Exchange" of current measurement data with stored data for visual
inspection or comparison.
A separate rnemory in the 161 OA is provided for storing a known-standard data
trace. This standard may be derived from the trace list by pressing the
key in the EXECUTE portion of the keyboard. This key causes current measurement
data to be stlored in the "compare" memory,
Pressing the key in the CURRENT MEASUREMENT DISPLAY section of
the keyboard places the 161 OA in TRACE COMPARE mode and allows the operator
a choice of three types of comparison.
With the selectable field in this condition, pressing causes an
"EXCLUSI\/E OR" comparison of current measurement data with the stored trace.
All states In current measurement data which are the same as corresponding states
in the stored trace are displayed as all zero's Non-zero states differ from their
correspondrng states as shown in the display.
In this condition, pressing initiates a trace that continues until
current measurement data is equal to the stored trace. While the measurement is
in process, the instrument status message will flash "IN PROCESS" and "FAILED"
until the specification is met. At that time, an audible signal is sounded, and the
instrument stops showing a status message that reads "COMPLETE".
is pressed, it initiates an action similar to the preceding except
that inequality between current measurement data and stored valid data is being
sought. When an inequality occurs, the instrument stops and displays a trace show-
ing where the inequality is located.
NOTE
When a compared trace is in process, the blinking cursor
disappears from the selectable field; this field cannot be
changed until the search is completed or stopped.
NOTE
The selectable field must be returned to the "OFF" condi-
tion to obtain single or continuous trace operation.
This key enables the operator to exchange current valid data with a display of
stored data. Neither memory is lost unless a new trace is initiated, at which time
current measurement data in the memory is replaced.
Chapter IV
------- POSITIONING THE TRACE WINDOW IN DATA FLOW -------
,'
Introduction
Most data programs are written in blocks, some containing loops, some containing
branches, and some containing jumps so that there is no real "continuity" of program
steps; each one may cover thousands of program steps. It can be an extremely time-
consuming process to look backward in program flow to find a point of error.
The unique triggering capabilities of the 1610A make it possible to open a trace
"window" on a specific location in program with pinpoint accuracy.
In the examples that follow, you will see how these triggering capabilities can be
used to eliminate the need for examining hundreds of program steps which do not
*
," bear on the problem you are trying to solve.
:
'
.,
1*
f:
$9
! '
31
EXAMPLE 1: SIMPLE SINGLE-STATE TRACE
States in Data
Trace Specification Display Flow
-?
03CF 1,
and
next
P
states r
EXAMPLE 2: SINGLE-STATE TRACE WITH DELAY
States in Data
Trace Specification Display Flow
03CF -- -
03E4 -- --
i
and
next
62 m
This technique locates the trace window in a desired block of program and con-
centrates on only that portion of the block of current interest.
32
EXAMPLE 3: TRACING SPECIFIC DATA PATH IN A BRANCHING PROGRAM
Frequently, activity in a given program location depends on which one of several
program branches was followed to arrive at that location.
I
I
c
-.
8378 -l
In the example given here, program address 03E4
I
, PATH
PATH I B is reached by Path A (03CF-+03E4) or Path B
A
,j (0378403E4). To ensure that program activity
/'
/'
/'
from 03E4 is traced only when Path A is followed,
a state recognition sequence must be set up in the
Trace Specification.
By specifying that the 161 OA must first recognize
state 03CF, you are certain that when data is col-
lected at 03E4 Path A has been followed. If the
program flow branches through 0378, the Trace
Specification cannot be satisfied, and no data will
be gathered into memory.
33
EXAMPLE 4: TRACING A SPECIFIC PATH IN A MULTIPLE-BRANCH PROGRAM
More clomplex levels of network branching are commonly encountered. Analyzing
sequential program flow in this example requires high-level sequential trigger
capability.
It is possible to trace program activity starting at address 286F after the pro-
grarn has followed Path #2 by setting a Trace Specification like this:
34
EXAMPLE 5: MULTIPLE-BRANCH PATH COMPLETED IN A SINGLE PASS
Often tt is necessary not only to follow a specific path, but also to analyze program
flow only if the path was completed in one pass. To exa'mine this task, we can
use the diagram and Trace Specification of Example 5.
Specified this way, the program can satisfy sequence states 2849 and 284A and
then exit the network at 286F leaving the 161 OA looking for the next occurrence of
2846. The program can reenter the network via Path #3, satisfy the remaining con-
ditions vra 361 F, and the 1610A will capture data beginning at 286F. However,
the captured data will be erroneous with regard to a Path #2 branch.
Set SECUENCE RESTART in the Trace Specification to the ON condition and
specify state 2870. Now, when Path #l is followed 2849 and 284A are satisfied, but
if the network is exited at 2870, the sequence search is restarted because a restart
state was recognized before all sequence states were satisfied. If the network is
entered by Path #3, the sequence search is restarted again for the same reason.
Only by following Path #2 is it possible to acquire data at exit address 286F,
because only this path satisfies all sequence conditions before the restart state is
recognized.
EXAMPLE 6: TRACING A DIRECT JUMP IN A MULTIPLE-BRANCH PROGRAM
,-
PATH I
a1
j PATH
i a 3
Three common forms of program paths appear in this program flow diagram:
I
Path #l is a path whose length depends on the operation being performed on a
given pass;
Path #3 is a fixed-length path because the same operation is performed each time
this path is used;
Path #2 is a zero-length, or direct jump, path.
Defining a trace on Path #l or #3 is easy using the sequential state trace specifi-
cation However the zero-length Path #2 is not reliably defined
this way because either of the other two paths satisfy the specification.
The solution is to use the SEQUENCE RESTART function to specify the desired path:
When state 2849 is recognized, the 1610A will examine the restart condition. If
either Path #l or Path #3 is followed, a state after 2849, other than 287C, is found,
the restart condition (XXXX) is satisfied, and the sequence search is restarted.
A trace is captured only when 2849 is recognized immediately followed by 2876.
36
EXAMPLE 7: TRACING PROGRAM FLOW IN NESTED LOOPS
The 1610A is capable of examining program activity when it is working in the
Nth pass of a sub-minor loop. The three-level loop in this diagram has a major loop (I)
that iterates 17 times, a minor loop (J) that iterates 11 times for each occurrence of
the I loop, and a sub-minor loop (K) that iterates 13 times for each occurrence of
the J loop and 143 times for each occurrence of the I loop.
f-3
28AE ---
Using the trace specification shown above you can direct the 1610A to acquire
data at state 2841 only when the program is in the 9th pass of the I loop, the 8th
pass of the J loop, and the 7th pass of the K loop.
Notice that 2887 is to be recognized first. This ensures that when you start the
measurement, the 1610A does not start in the middle of the loop and cause an
erroneous count.
37
r
i
This capability is also helpful while developing a program. Once the program is
written, it is, run to verify completion of the desired task. Sometimes the task is
eventually completed with non-desired tasks completed in addition. An example is
this nested loop. To verify that the program actually completed only the specified
number of loops, count the number of occurrences of state 2840 and compare with
what was programmed to happen:
2940 TRACE 7th PASS OF K
TRACE 9th PASS OF J
2 9 4 1 K Loop ( 1 3 ) TRACE 9th PASS OF I
----_--
J x
28A5 J LOOP (11) -!-
--------- 9x11x13=1287
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