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Notice
Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition
This documentation supports a product that previously shipped under the Hewlett-
Packard company brand name. The brand name has now been changed to Agilent
Technologies. The two products are functionally identical, only our name has changed. The
document still includes references to Hewlett-Packard products, some of which have been
transitioned to Agilent Technologies.

Printed in USA March 2000
HEWLETT
PACKARD

OPERATING AND PROGRAMMING MANUAL

8566B
SPECTRUM ANALYZER
100 Hz - 2.5 GHz/2 - 22 GHz

SERIAL NUMBERS

This manual applies directly to Model 8566B RF
Sections with serial numbers prefixed 2410A and IF-
Display Sections with serial numbers prefixed 2403A.

0 Copyright HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY 1984
1212 VALLEY HOUSE DRIVE, ROHNERT PARK, CALIFORNIA.94928. U.S.A.

MANUAL PART NO. 08566-90040
Microfiche Part No. 08566-90044 Printed: March 1984
CERTIFICATION

Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that thb product met its published specifications at the time of
shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration measurements are
traceable to the United States National Bureau of Standards, to the extent allowed by the Bureau's
calibration facility, and to the calibration facilities of other International Standards Organization
members.

WARRANTY

This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship
for a period of one year from date of shipment. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard
Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.

For warranty service or repair, this product must be returned to a service facility designated by HP
Buyer shah prepay shipping charges to HP and HP shall pay shipping charges to return the product
to Buyer. However, Buyer shall pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned to
HP from another country.

HP warrants that its software and firmware designated by HP for use with an instrument will execute
its programming instructions when properly installed on that instrument. HP does not warrant that
the operation of the instrument, or software, or firmware will be uninterrupted or error free.

LIMITATION OF WARRANTY

The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse,
operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation
or maintenance.

NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HP SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIMS
THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

EXCL USI YE REMEDIES

THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
HP SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, OR
CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT, OR ANY
OTHER LEGAL THEORY

ASSISTANCE

Product maintenance agreements and other customer assistance agreements are available for
Hewlett-Packard products.
For any assistance, contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service Office. Addresses are
provided at the back of this manual.
Section I
Manual Operation

Chapter 1 -GETTING STARTED
Chapter 2 - DATA
Chapter 3 - FUNCTION
Chapter 4 - CRT DISPLAY
Chapter 5 - TRACE
Chapter 6 - MARKER
Chapter 7 - SCALE AND REFERENCE LINE
Chapter 8 - COUPLED FUNCTION
Chapter 9 - SWEEP AND TRIGGER
Chapter 10 - INSTRUMENT STATE
Chapter 1 1 - SHIFT KEY FUNCTIONS
Chapter 12 - USER DEFINED KEYS
Chapter 13 - PLOTTER OUTPUT
GENERAL INFORMATION GENERAL DESCRIPTION

GENERAL INFORMATION

The HP 8566B is a high-performance spectrum analyzer which operates from 100 Hz to 2.5 GHz in the low
frequency band and 2 - 22 GHz in the preselected microwave band. It uses a synthesized LO to provide accurate
frequency tuning and an internal micro-computer to automate controls and provide useful operating features.

HP 8566B SPECTRUM ANALYZER

The HP 8566B consists of an 85662A Display Section and an 85660B RF Section. Connect the two sections
along with the inter-connection cables as shown in the illustration below.

Connect interconnection cables as shown:

Line Module

85662A
Display Section

85660B
RF Section

Line Module. HP-IB
Connector

I \
Interconnect Cable Interconnect Cable
(85662-60093) (85662-60094)

REAR PANEL CONNECTIONS

Manual Operation 1
INITIAL POWER ON GENERAL INFORMATION

CAUTION

Before connecting the line power cords, make sure the appropriate line voltage and
line fuse have been selected for both the RF and Display sections of the analyzer. For
complete information on line voltage and fuse selection, refer to the HP 8566B Opera-
tor's Handbook. For information on line power cords for a specific country, contact the
nearest Hewlett-Packard office.

INITIAL POWER ON

After making the AC power line connections, the STANDBY lights of both the RF and Display section should be
on. As long as the instrument is operating (LINE ON) or in STANDBY, the accuracy specifications of the internal
frequency standard will be met. After a cold start, such as on-receipt of instrument, the analyzer requires 24 hours
to stabilize prior to meeting specified performance.

LINE ON AND STANDBY INSTR CHECK LED

Upon LINE ON, the instrument will perform an automatic internal instrument check. If one or both of the red
instrument check lights (INST CHECK I and II) remain on after this brief check routine, refer to the chart below to
localize the problem.

LED On Problem Solution

I Digital Storage failure in 85662A Check bus interconnect cable (85662-60094)

Check bus interconnect cable (85662-60094)
II Interface Failure
and check if Al2 board is connected tightly

Check if Al5 is connected tightly in 85660B
Controller (A15) and that contacts are clean.

Calibration

In order to meet specified frequency and amplitude accuracy, the analyzer's calibration must be checked periodi-
cally to ensure the highest performance.
2 Manual Operation
GENERAL INFORMATION RF INPUT

RF INPUT

c FREQZERO

Connect cable from CAL OUTPUT signal to RF input to perform initial calibration.

CAUTION

Excessive signal input power will damage the input attenuator and the input mixer. The
spectrum analyzer total RF power must not exceed + 30 dBm (1 watt).

DC Precaution: The HP 8566B cannot accept DC voltages in 0 dB ATTEN. With 10
dB or greater input attenuation, a maximum of k7V DC can be accepted without
damage. A blocking capacitor is recommended at the input when DC is present with an
RF signal.

Manual Calibration Procedure
1. After instrument has stabilized, press m
2. Press @ 8; this recalls the following stored control settings from the analyzer's internal memory:
Center Frequency = 100 MHz
Frequency Span = 2 MHz
Reference Level = - 7 dBm
Res BW = 1 MHz
Scale = 1 dB/Div
Marker = Normal
3. Adjust AMPTD CAL for a marker amplitude of - 10 dBm. *
4. Press [1Ic1LLl 9; this recalls the following:
Center Frequency = 100 MHz
Frequency Span = 0 Hz
Reference Level = - 7 dBm
Res BW = 30 Hz
Scale = 1 dB/Div
Sweep Time = 10 Sec.
l If connection cable has significant loss, it must be accounted for separately.
Manual Operation 3
CRT DISPLAY GENERAL INFORMATION

5. Maximize amplitude response with FREQ ZERO adjustment.

Error Correction Routine

A 30 second internal error correction routine minimizes uncertainties due to control changes in the analyzer. To
start the routine, press (,,,,, W (%?I.

A "CORR'D" readout will appear on the left edge of the CRT upon completion of this routine. If the message
"Adjust AMPTD CAL" appears in the display, repeat the manual calibration before running the error correction
routine again.

CRT DISPLAY
The analyzer's CRT display presents the signal response trace and all pertinent measurement data. The active
function area names the function under DATA control and shows the function values as they are changed. All the
information necessary to scale and reference the graticule is provided.
MARKER
Reference User display frequency
level annotation amplitude

bun 17.wa ass 4 CIHX

Active
function
readout ' ,TRACE A

/TRACE B

Internally
' generated
graticule

-1 PF': B W 1 LHX YBW 1 0 0 HZ

/ L/
Center Resolution
I

Video Sweep time span
frequency bandwidth bandwidth

PLOTTER OUTPUT
The trace data, graticule, and annotation on the analyzer's screen can be directly output via HP-IB to a Hewlett-
Packard plotter (such as the HP 7245A/B, 7240A, 7470A, or 9872C) by pressing the LOWER LEFT key on the
front pane1 of the analyzer.
4 Manual Operation
GENERAL INFORMATION FRONT PANEL OVERVIIEW

FRONT PANEL OVERVIEW

Control Groups

1 CRT DISPLAY: Signal response and analyzer settings
2 TRACE: Control of signal response display
3 REFERENCE LINE: Measurement and display aids
4 SCALE: Selects logarithmic or linear amplitude scale
5 KEY FUNCTION: Access to special functions
6 SWEEP and TRIGGER: Selects trace update trigger
7 RFINPUT: 100 Hz to 22 GHz ( + 30 dBm max. power)
8 DATA/FUNCTION: Fundamental analyzer control
9 CAL OUTPUT: Calibration signal
10 MARKER: Movable bright dot markers for direct frequency and amplitude readout
11 COUPLED FUNCTION: Maintenance of absolute amplitude and frequency calibration by automati-
cally selecting certain analyzer control settings
12 INSTRUMENT STATE: Local (1~1) select key, SAVE and RECALL keys and FULL SPAN keys
13 LINE ON &STANDBY: Powers instrument and performs instrument check
14 REORDER/PLOTTER
Controls output to recorder or HP-IB controlled plotter
FUNCTIONS:
Manual Operation 5
REAR PANEL OUTPUTS GENERAL INFORMATION

REAR PANEL OUTPUTS

21.4 MHz IF Output

IF Input/Output

Video Input/Output

Recorder Outputs

External Trigger

Sweep and Tune Output Display Outputs

Frequency Reference HP-IB
Connector
10 MHz Output

Display Outputs

Display outputs allow all the CRT information to be displayed on an auxiliary CRT display such as the HP 1310A
Large Screen Display.

Display Outputs output

<75 nsec rise times. 1V full deflection.

<30 nsec rise time. Intensity: - 1V blank, 0 to
1V intensity modulation.

BLANK TTL level >2.4V for blanking. Compatible with
most oscilloscopes.

Recorder Outputs

The recorder outputs allow the x-y plot of trace data with x-y plotters using positive penlift coils or TTL penlift
input. The front panel keys enable outputs for the calibration of x-y plotter reference points:
6 Manual Operation
GENERAL INFORMATION REAR PANEL OUTPUTS

RECORDER RECORDER Outputs
LOWER UPPER when keys or HP-IB
Recorder LEFT RIGHT commands are enabled
outputs
@ a Lower Upper
Left Right

SWEEP A voltage proportional to the horizontal sweep of OV 1ov
0 the CRT trace that ranges from OV for the left left right
0
edge and to + 1OV for the right edge.

VIDEO Detected video output (before A-D conversion) ov + 1v
0 proportional to vertical deflection of the CRT lower upper
0
trace. Output increases 100 mV/div from 0 to
1V

PENLIFT A blanking output, 15V occurs during CRT + 15v + 15v
retrace; otherwise output is low at OV (pen
down).

21.4 MHz IF Output

21.4 MHz IF Output output

A 5052, 21.4 MHz output related to the RF input
21.4 MHz
to the analyzer.
IF OUTPUT In log scales, the IF output is logarithmically
related to the RF input signal; in linear, the out-
put is linearly related.
The output is nominally - 20 dBm for a signal at
the reference level.
The analyzer's resolution bandwidth setting con-
trols the bandwidth. The input attenuator and IF
step gain positions control the amplitude.

Sweep Plus Tune Output

Sweep Plus Tune Output Output

SWEEP + TUNE - l.OV per GHz of tune frequency, 110 kQ load.
OUT Accuracy: - lV/GHz + 2% -t 10mV

10 MHz Output

10 MHz Output output

10 MHzOUT > - 5 dBm. 50R output impedance

Manual Operation 7
REAR PANEL OUTPUTS GENERAL INFORMATION

Frequency Reference Input/Output

To lock the spectrum analyzer to an external frequency reference, set the FREQ REFERENCE switch to EXT.
Analyzer performance will be degraded unless frequency reference phase noise and spurious signals are < - 140
dBc single sideband (1 Hz) referred to 10 MHz at a 100 Hz to 10 kHz offset. To lock another spectrum analyzer to
the spectrum analyzer internal frequency reference, set the FREQ REFERENCE switch to INT

Frequency Reference
Input/Output
Input/Output

External Frequency Reference Requirements:
Frequency: 5 MHz & 50 Hz
or
10 MHz ? 100 Hz
EXT INT
Power: 0 to 10 dBm
Input Impedance: 5Of2 nominal

Internal Frequency Reference Characteristics.
Frequency: 10 MHz
P o w e r : 0 dBm
O u t p u t impedance: 5OQ

HP-IB Input Output Connector

The Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus allows remote operation of the analyzer as well as input and output of mea-
surement data. See Section II of this manual.

IF and Video Connectors

The IF and Video connectors allow the 85650A Quasi-Peak Adapter to be used with the analyzer for EM1
measurements

NOTE

When the Quasi-Peak Adapter is disconnected from the analyzer, make sure the IF INP
connector connects to the IF OUT connector with one short BNC cable, and VIDEO
INP connector connects to the VIDEO OUT connector with the other short BNC cable.
Failure to connect the BNC cables will result in a loss of signal.

8 Manual Operation
GENERAL INFORMATION REAR PANEL OUTPUTS

IF and Video Connectors Input

21.4 MHz input. Input is nominally - 11 dBm
0 IF INP (with spectrum analyzer input attenuator set to
0 10 dB) .5OQ input impedance.

VIDEO INP 0 - 2V 139Q input impedance.

IF and Video Connectors

21.4 MHz output. Output is nominally - 11
IF OUT dBm (with spectrum analyzer input .attenuator
set to 10 dB) .5OQ output impedance.

VIDEO OUT 0 - 2V Output impedance < 10 kQ.

External Sweep Trigger Input

The External Sweep Trigger input allows the analyzer's internal sweep source to be triggered by an external
voltage.

External Sweep Trigger
Input
Input

Must be >2.4V (1OV max) . 1 kQ nominal input
EXT TRIGGER
impedance.

Manual Operation 9
GETTING STARTED FRONT PANEL CONCEPT

Chapter 1
GETTING STARTED

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
This chapter is intended to provide you with a quick overview of the use and capability of the HP 8566B Spectrum
Analyzer. The chapters following provide the details on each aspect of operation.

FRONT PANEL CONCEPT
The basic controls on the HP 8566B front panel consist of FUNCTION keys and DATA control keys. Functions are
activated by pressing the appropriate key; its value is then changed via the DATA control knob, step keys or
numeric keyboard. The activated FUNCTION will appear on the CRT as well as its current value.

FUNCTION/DATA ACTIVE FUNCTION
Controls and DATA VALUE

The front panel controls are grouped by function. The majority of measurements can be made with only the
FUNCTION/DATA group illustrated. The major FUNCTION controls are CENTER FREQUENCY FRE-
QUENCY SPAN (or START/STOP FREQ), and REFERENCE LEVEL. The value of the activated FUNCTION
can be changed continuously with the knob, incrementally with STEP KEYS or exactly with the numeric key-
board.
Knob

Step
Keys

Numeric
Keyboard

MAKING A MEASUREMENT
Two FULL SPAN keys allow you to select a wide
Manual Operation 1 1
MAKING A MEASUREMENT GE-l-l-ING STARTED

0- 2.5 GHz or 2 -22 GHz' frequency span. Both ,, e&c 0.0 d&n .Tllh 10 de
:3 &I
keys preset all the analyzer functions to automatically
maintain a calibrated display during the course of the --_. _

measurement.
-.' t -- --' -.'

Example T -- -. t-- i- '-- -- ---

Connect the CAL OUTPUT signal to RF INPUT

Press l%J
This presets the analyzer to a full 0- 2.5 GHz span
with 0 dBm Reference level and automatically couples
al1 secondary receiver functions.

and use the knob
or the numeric keyboard to t
quency to 100 MHz. Note that the activated FUNC-
TION (CENTER FREQUENCY) appears on the CRT
graticule field.

Press (91 and use the knob , step keys @
bl or numeric keyboard to reduce the frequency
$6 to 100 kHz.

/
FREQUENCY

`The I';:] key is also activated with LINE ON.
12 Manual Operation
GETTING STARTED DIRECT FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE READOUT

and use the knob 0, step keys c) 0
or numeric keyboard to position the peak of the
signal on the top graticule line.

.-. -. .-
LEVEL

I1 I I 5pbN 1.. ."I
I I1
lzxrEu a...e.. m*
Pf5 ml 1 ."I wn 3 L",SW' 3ae Il. =
The frequency and amplitude of the signal are read out from the graticule border. All secondary analyzer functions
(resolution bandwidth, video bandwidth, sweep time, and attenuation) were automatically adjusted to maintain a
fully calibrated display. The coupled functions can also be uncoupled to allow manual operation.

For instance, to manually control the resolution bandwidth, press (::`1 and change bandwidth with any combina-
tion of DATA control. The above also applies to I':":") , @ , [,,,.) , or [`::::`1

DIRECT FREQUENCY AND AMPLITUDE READOUT
Markers can be used to quickly identify signal frequency and amplitudes -delta (A) markers are available to
measure signal separation or amplitude differences.

Activate a marker 02 the display with NORMAL.
Tune marker with 0 . The frequency and ampli-
tude of the signal are read out with the marker.

To measure the harmonic(s) of the signal, press A and
tune the second marker to the signal's harmonic. The
frequency separation and amplitude difference are
read out.
SAVE/RECALL GETTING STARTED

SAVE/RECALL

The HP 8566B instrument control settings can be saved in an internal memory and later recalled to make a
measurement. [/ [I(c1111 m to 0 provide access to the six internal storage registers.
6

SHIFT KEYS

In addition to the front panel functions listed on the keys, another set of functions can be assigned to the same keys
by pressing the blue B key prior to activating a front panel key. These will be covered in more detail in Chapter
11.

AUTOMATIC MEASUREMENTS

The HP 8566B is fully programmable via the Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus (HP-IB) -HP's implementation of
IEEE STD 488-1975. Internationally, HP-IB is in concert with the IEC main interface document.

A computing controller/calculator can be used with the HP 8566B to configure an automatic measurement
system. Just as the analyzer's front panel is keyed manually to control functions and change values, simple
program codes are transmitted via the HP-IB with a controller to make measurements automatically These pro-
gram codes are listed in the Remote Operation section of the instrument pull-cards.

Detailed information on remote operation is found in Section II of this manual.

14 Manual Operation
DATA DATA CONTROLS

CHAPTER 2
DATA

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
DATA controls are used to change function values for functions such as center frequency, start frequency, resolu-
tion bandwidth, or marker position.

DATA CONTROLS
The DATA controls are clustered about the FUNCTION keys which "call up" or activate the most frequently used
spectrum analyzer control functions: center frequency, frequency span (or start/stop frequency), and reference
level. The other functions that accept DATA control are shown below:

FRONT PANEL FUNCTIONS USING DATA CONTROLS
To the left of the FUNCTION Keys are the Data knob 0 and the DATA STEP keys @ @ , which are used
to make incremental changes to the activated function. To the right of the FUNCTION keys is the DATA number/
units keyboard which allows changes to an exact value.
Manual Operation 15
DATA ENTRY READOUT DATA

The DATA controls will change the activated function in a manner prescribed by that function. For example, center
frequency can be changed continuously with the DATA knob 0 , or in steps proportional to the frequency span
with the DATA STEP keys @ a , or set exactly with the DATA number/units keyboard. Resolution band-
width, which can be set only to discrete values, can still be changed with any of the DATA controls. The DATA
knob 0 and DATA STEP keys 13 61 increment the setting from one bandwidth to the next. An entry
from the number/units keyboard which may not coincide with an allowable bandwidth will select the nearest
bandwidth.

DATA ENTRY READOUT
DATA entries are read from the CRT display as they are changed.

PREVENTING DATA ENTRY
A function can be deactivated by pressing m . The active function readout is blanked and the ENABLED light
goes out, indicating no DATA entry can be made. Pressing a function key re-enables the DATA controls.

DATA KNOB
The DATA knob 0 11ows the continuous change of center frequency, frequency span (or start/stop frequen-
a
cies), reference level, marker positions, display line, and threshold. It can also change the function values which
are only incremented.

Clockwise rotation of the DATA knob will increase the function value. For continuous changes, the knob's sensitiv-
ity is determined by the measurement range and the speed at which the knob is turned. For example, when the
center frequency is activated, 0 increases the value of the center frequency one horizontal division of span per
one quarter turn.

DATA STEP KEYS
The DATA STEP keys allow rapid increase @ or decrease r of the active function value. The step size is
2)
dependent either upon the analyzer's measurements range, on a preset amount, or, for those parameters with
fixed values, the next value in a sequence. Examples: Activate center frequency and 0 will increase the center
6
frequency value by an amount equal to one division of the frequency span (one tenth of the frequency span). If
the center frequency step size m has hen preset, El will increase the center frequency by that preset
amount. If frequency span were activated, 10) would change the span to the next lower value in predetermined
sequence. Activate resolution bandwidth and [& ~ will select the next widest bandwidth. Each press results in a
--I
single step,
16 Manual Operation
DATA DATA NUMBER/UNITS KEYBOARD

DATA NUMBER/UNITS KEYBOARD
The DATA number/units keyboard (or DATA keyboard) allows exact value entries to center frequency, frequency
span (or start/stop frequency), reference level, log scale, marker positions, display line, threshold, and the COUP-
LED FUNCTIONS.

An activated parameter is changed by entering the number (with the CRT display providing a readout) then
selecting the appropriate units key. The value is not changed (entered) until the units key is pressed.

The number portion of the entry may include a decimal, 0 . If not, the decimal is understood at the end of the
l

number. Corrections to number entries are made with :::,: , which erases the last digit for each press.
0
Example: With center frequency activated,
(TJ-Jp-JJQ[Z][Z]~@
will set the center frequency to 1.250 GHz.

If the units key were pressed without a number entry, 1 is entered (except in zero frequency span).

Negative DATA Entry

Negative entries from the number units keyboard can be made for power and frequency but not time and voltage.

0
""I
Negative power entries can be made using -Z . The " - dBm" key will enter - dBm, - dBmV or - dBpV For
example, in reference level, with the dBmV units, an entry of will enter - 50 dBmV

Negative frequency entries can be made using m-m

as a prefix to the frequency entry For example, to enter a negative start frequency, press
p-J(TJ(TJ@~ This enters the frequency value as - 100 MHz.
0z; (g-m

Not all functions will accept negative entries (the sign will be ignored).

MULTIPLE DATA CHANGES
A function, once activated, may be changed as often as necessary without reactivating that function (see Chapter
3, FUNCTION). Any of the DATA controls can be used in any order. l

It is not always necessary to make a DATA entry. For example, start and stop frequency may be activated simply to
allow readout of the left and right display reference frequencies as start/stop frequencies.

l Exceptions are the SHIFT KEY FUNCTIONS which use only DATA number/units keyboard. See Chapter 11.

Manual Operation 17
FUNCTION GENERAL DESCRIPTION

CHAPTER 3
FUNCTION

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This chapter describes the use of the major function block- CENTER FREQUENCY FREQUENCY SPAN (or
START/STOP FREQUENCY), and REFERENCE LEVEL.

NCTION -

A FUNCTION is enabled by pressing the desired FUNCTION key Once enabled, the function, along with its
current data value, is displayed in the active graticule area of the CRT as well as outside the graticule border. To
change the value of the active function, use either the DATA knob, step keys, numeric keyboard, or a combination
of all three. The HOLD key above the DATA knob can be used to retain the present instrument state and prevent
any inadvertent entry of DATA. HOLD clears the active function area of the CRT as well as de-activates any
function.

Active
Function

Frequency
Span

Manual Operation 19
CENTER FREQUENCY FUNCTION

CENTER FREQUENCY

The center frequency can be tuned continuously from 0 to 22 GHz using any combination of DATA controls.
Additional band overlap enables the center frequency to tune up to 24 GHz and below to - 1 GHz.

The center frequency can be set with 1 Hz resolution. Readout resolution is 1% of the frequency span, hence the
highest readout resolution is obtained with narrow frequency spans. Data entered, however, is always accurate to
1 Hz even though the center frequency readout may display less resolution.

During band crossings (from 0 - 2.5 GHz low band to 2 - 22 GHz microwave band) or at band edges (below 0 Hz
or above 22 GHz), the frequency span may change to enable the desired center frequency to be set. (See
Appendix for detailed information.)

DATA Entry with CENTER FREQUENCY

Changes the center frequency by about one half the total frequency span
each full turn.

Changes the center frequency by one tenth of the frequency span, i.e., by
[-iEz] @@ one division. COUPLED FUNCTION [`::::`I can be used to change this step
size.

Allows direct center frequency entry. The analyzer will accept a center fre-
(EC) quency entry with 1 Hz resolution. Even though the readout may show a
.... fewer number of digits (due to wide frequency span), as the span is nar-
#I rowed the full entry will be read out. Abbreviated readouts are not rounded.

Example

Once a signal response is placed at the center of the display, the frequency of the signal can be read out from
CENTER FREQUENCY The input signal is a 9 GHz synthesized source.

Press 1'6::) for a full span display. Tune signal to center of display with (-ZZ)~.

b - . . . L .-I.*
I. *
! ! ! ! ! 1

20 Manual Operation
FUNCTION FREQUENCY SPAN

Reducing the frequency span will increase the center
frequency readout resolution.

Press [Fj @ @

then (x]

FREQUENCY SPAN

The frequency span changes the total display frequency range symmetrically about the center frequency. Note that
the frequency span readout refers to the total display frequency range; to determine frequency span per division,
divide by 10.

As the frequency span is changed, resolution bandwidth and video bandwidth automatically change to provide a
predetermined level of resolution and noise averaging, respectively. Sweep time also changes automatically to
maintain a calibrated display.

The analyzer can be adjusted to span a maximum of 2.5 GHz in the low band and 22 GHz (2 to 24 GHz range) in
the microwave band. A minimum span of 100 Hz is allowed in both bands as well as 0 Hz (zero span) which
enables the analyzer to function as a fixed-tune receiver. In zero span, the analyzer can display modulation
waveforms in the time domain.

DATA Entry with FREQUENCY SPAN

Changes the frequency span continuously.

Changes the frequency span to the next value in a 1, 2,5, 10 sequence.
I

Enters an exact value up to three digits, depending on span. Additional
digits will be deleted without rounding.

Manual Operation 21
FREQUENCY SPAN FUNCTION

Example

Use FREQUENCY SPAN to zoom in on signals.

Connect CAL OUTPUT to RF INPUT press [06::1
This selects a convenient full span display from 0 to
2.5 GHz.

Tune center frequency to 100 MHz with: [?%%-I
100 MHz.

Reduce span with: [F]@@or~

The desired span can also be selected with the
numeric keyboard. Note that narrow frequency spans
provide increased center frequency resolution.

In the microwave band, pressing m
enables a 20 GHz full span.

22 Manual Operation
FUNCTION FREQUENCY SPAN

Example

Operating the spectrum analyzer in zero span. The modulation waveform of an AM signal can be displayed in the
time domain.

In the frequency domain, we can accurately deter-
mine the modulation frequency and level.

I I I I I I I I.1 I" I

To demodulate the AM, increase the resolution band-
width to include both sidebands with the IF passband.
L-E-@@

Position the signal at the reference level and select a
linear voltage display
(G&ii)gFJ

fi SCALE.

Manual Operation 23
START/STOP FREQUENCY FUNCTION

I/h i i i

To select zero span, press [F) m a
Video trigger can be used to trigger on the waveform.
The sweep time control can be adjusted to change the
horizontal scale.

START/STOP FREQUENCY

Another way to adjust the frequency range is by using START/STOP FREQUENCY instead of CENTER FRE-
QUENCY and FREQUENCY SPAN. Activating START FREQ or STOP FREQ causes both to read out in place of
CENTER FREQUENCY and SPAN on the CRT START FREQ sets the left graticule frequency and STOP FREQ
sets the right graticule frequency; both are mutually exclusive with CENTER FREQUENCY and FREQUENCY
SPAN.

The INSTRUMENT STATE keys, w and m , select a start/stop frequency from 0 to 2.5 GHz and 2 to 22
GHz, respectively. Additional over-range allows start frequency setting of - 1 GHz and stop frequency of 24 GHz.
The maximum start/stop frequency span allowable is 22 GHz; the minimum span is 100 Hz and zero span
(START FREQ = STOP FREQ) .

Start/Stop frequency readout resolution is 1% of the span (span = stop frequency - start frequency). Both start
or stop frequencies can be entered with 1 Hz resolution.

DATA Entry with START/STOP Frequency

Changes the start or stop frequency. The amount of change per turn is a
constant percentage of the frequency span.

or Changes the frequency by one tenth of the total frequency span.

Exact start or stop frequencies can be entered. The number of digits read out
depends upon the frequency span.

24 Manual Operation
FUNCTION REFERENCE LEVEL

Example

Set start/stop frequency to monitor FM broadcast band

,fYT . .tI.F.5YIimu. Ia. i*"a i vs*i 3. L"ii i -i 2.I".. WII,
. mu= . i"...

Press (?iiEiJ . Note that horizontal scaling is
unchanged, although the START/STOP frequency I i i i t
readouts are replaced by center frequency and span
(108 - 88 = 20 MHz).

REFERENCE LEVEL

The REFERENCE LEVEL function changes the absolute amplitude level of the top graticule line. The vertical
scale (amplitude units per division) is selected from the SCALE control group. To measure signal level, the peak of
the signal's response is positioned on the top graticule line and its amplitude is read out from REF LEVEL.

The reference level can be adjusted from - 89.9 dBm to + 30 dBm ( - 139.9 dBm to + 60 dBm with extended
range) with 0.1 dB resolution. The input attenuator is automatically coupled with the reference level to prevent
gain compression; signals which are above the gain compression point will be displayed above the reference level
line. Different mixer input levels as well as amplitude units can be selected (see (L*lrl FUNCTIONS Chapter 11).
Manual Operation 25
REFERENCE LEVEL FUNCTION

DATA Entry with REFERENCE LEVEL

In logarithmic scale, the changes are in 0.1 dB steps: in linear scale, the
changes are made to the least significant digit.

pi?-)
pJ@ In logarithmic scale, changes the reference level in steps according to dB/
division scale. In linear scale, changes the reference level in 1 dB steps.

Allows entry of exact reference levels. Digits entered beyond the displayed
number of digits are deleted.

Example

Measure amplitude of calibration signal.

Press @
(-E] 100 MHz

To measure signal amplitude, press [and "%?)
position signal peak to top graticule line. Read ampli-
tude from REF LEVEL.

; ,
i i
i \

26 Manual Operation
FUNCTION FUNCTION/DATA SUMMARY

FUNCTION/DATA SUMMARY

CENTER FREQUENCY START/STOP REFERENCE
FREQUENCY SPAN FREQUENCY LEVEL

Change continuously
KNOB Change continuously
with up to 1 Hz reso- Continuous with 0.1
a with n x 2 Hz resolu- dB tuning resolution.
lution in narrow
0 spans. tion *

Incremental change
STEP KEYS Change frequency in in accordance with
one division steps - Change span in " 2' log scale. In linear,
( i . e . , 1 0 % o f fre- 5, 10 sequence. changes incremen-
@I@ quency span). tally in 1 dB steps.

NUMERIC Enter exact reference
KEYBOARD E n t e r e x a c t fre- Enter exact fre- level. Digits entered
quency with up to 1 * quency with n x 2 Hz beyond last displayed
:t::
1::: Hz resolution. resolution * digit are deleted.

m
m
100 Hz to 22 GHz
- 1.000000000 GHz _ 1 to 2.5 GHz
rDJUSTMENT and zero span. - 1 3 9 . 9 dBm t o
RANGE 106:: +60dBm.
:03.999999950 GHz. a
2 to 24 GHz
100 Hz to 2.5 GHz
and zero span.

1% of SPAN (Up to 0.1 dB in log; 4 sig-
READOUT 1 Hz in narrow c nificant digits in lin-
tESOLUTlON span), ear.

* where n = harmomc number

Manual Operation 27
CRT DISPLAY ADJUSTMENT OF THE DISPLAY

CHAPTER 4
CRT DISPLAY

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

This chapter describes the CRT display adjustments, readouts, and graphics.

ADJUSTMENT OF THE DISPLKY

The adjustments for intensity, focus, and alignment simultaneously affect all the lines and characters on the display.

CRT Display and Adjustments
lNTENSlTY
0 0 Controls intensity for all the CRT writing.

FOCUS A screwdriver adjustment which focuses all the CRT writing. Focusing any one element on the CRT
0 focuses all the writing.
nLlGN

0 A screwdriver adjustment which tilts all the displayed CRT information.

DISPLAY SECTION LINE POWER

STANDBY The light indicates power condition of the Spectrum Analyzer Display section as dictated by the LINE
0 power switch on the 85660B RF section.

CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW

The cathode ray tube of the Spectrum Analyzer Display section displays:
0 active function name and value
0 graticule
l traces of the signal response
0 values that calibrate the frequency, time, and amplitude axes
l values for the spectrum analyzer receiver parameters -that is, COUPLED FUNCTIONS.
0 operator originated labels and graphics
Manual Operation 29
CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY

Active Function

The function which has been activated for DATA entry is read out in the graticule area shown.
I OFF 8 0 d&l .TTEN 18 dtl
!O do,

START*.a c+I* 3 *Hz
PFCI BY vB* 3 WI 5111'5TB Z2.B M,
5RB "...<
Activating a function immediately writes its name in the active function area along with its present value. The
following summarizes the names and readout formats for the front panel designated active functions after an
INSTRUMENT PRESET
Examples of Active Examples of Active
Function Function
Function Readout Function Readout
MARKER
FuNcT'oNc) MARKER
I--) 12.0 GHz
19.8 dBm
SPAN
20 GHz MARKER A
20.0 MHz
START - 12.4 dB
2 GHz
MARKER ZOOM
STOP (,,,. 12.0 GHz
22 GHz - 32.8 dBm
(,,,::c') REF LEVEL MARKER
.O dBm (,.J(I*I(1lM 12.0 GHz
- 140.4 dBm (1 Hz)
COUPLED FUNCTION

r-
I::`1 RES BW REFERENCE LINE
3 MHz
DISPLAY LINE
(,.,,,
pg) VIDEO BW - 45.0 dBm
3 MHz
THRESHOLD
SWEEPTIME - 90.0 dBm
500 msec
RF ATTEN SCALE
10 dB LOG
El 10 dB/
CF STEP
100 MHz
KEY FUNCTION
eactivates the active function and (See [,,,I KEY FUNCTIONS,
bk$!s the active readout. Chapter 11.)

30 Manual Operation
CRT DISPLAY CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW

Gralicule

The display graticule is an internally generated 10 division by 10 division rectangle for referencing frequency, time,
and amplitude measurements. Double markings at the left, right, and bottom designate the center axes.

The graticule
aspect ratio
ylx = 1:1.3

Center line -b

4
4
Center line

The graticule may be blanked from the display with KEY FUNCTION [unl m and restored with [ n.

For CRT photography, the graticule may be intensified independent of the annotation and trace by pressing the
following sequence:

For more intensity, repeat the last two number entries, 1163 Hz and 2115 Hz. I';:1 returns the graticule.to
normal.

Traces

Three separate traces, A, B, and C, can be written onto the display. Each trace consists of 1000 separate straight-
line elements drawn between 1001 fixed points across the CRT X and Y axis coordinates designate the particular
points between which the elements are drawn. Terms used to describe trace composition are defined as follows:

Point A "point" in the context of this manual is a fixed location on the CRT display. There are
1,001 points along the X (horizontal) axis of the CRT graticule, numbered from 0 on the far left
graticule line to 1000 on the far right graticule line. Similarly, there are 1,001 points along the Y
(vertical) axis of the CRT graticule, numbered from 0 on the bottom graticule line to 1000 on the top
graticule line. An additional 22 points of overrange available above the top graticule line provide the
Y axis with a total of 1,023 points.
Manual Operation 31
CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY

Display Unit One display unit is the distance between two points (see above) along an X or Y
axis. The distance along the X axis between the far left graticule line and the far right graticule line is
1000 display units. The Y axis length between the bottom graticule line and the top graticule line is
also 1000 display units. Although the Y axis can be extended another 22 display units above the top
graticule line, the extended area is not calibrated.

X, Y coordinates to a particular point on the display are given in display units relative to X, Y
coordinates 0,O at the junction of the far left and bottom graticule lines.

Element An element is a distinct portion of the trace drawn on the CRT It comprises a point and
the visible straight line drawn to it from the preceding point. An element drawn parallel with a vertical
or horizontal graticule line is one diplay unit long. An element drawn at an angle to the graticule lines
is longer, its actual length depending on the angle.

Vector A vector is identical with an element, except that it can be either visible or blanked.

Point of Point of
x, y coordinates x, y coordinates
Overrange = 22 point su t 1000.1000

A -cr
I
.r
x
m
a. R_

Point of f Graticule center Point of
x, y coordinates x, y coordinates x, y coordinates
0.0 500,500 1000,0

TRACE DISPLAY TERMS

NOTE

When the analyzer is operated manually (i.e., with its front-panel controls), the display
size remains constant and the above definitions are fully applicable. When it is operated
remotely with a controller, however, three additional larger display sizes are available
through the display-size programming commands. For these larger-than-normal dis-
play sizes the lower left reference coordinates and the upper right trace limit expand
beyond the CRT's outer graticule lines. For further information on remotely-controlled
(i.e., programmed) display sizes, refer to commands Dl, D2, and D3 under Program-
ming Commands in Section II of this manual.

32 Manual Operation
CRT DISPLAY CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW

Locations of Permanent Readouts

The vertical and horizontal graticule axes are scaled by these readouts:

(iF -5.4 k
1s 4"
;4
Vertical
scale

Center frequency Frequency span
(or start freq.) (or stop freq.)
\ /
CeNrm 4aa.e - PIN I . . . beI*
no3 I 1,. h"l vml 30 LHX PQ 3e I)..=

The COUPLED FUNCTIONS that describe the swept receiver characteristics of the spectrum analyzer are:

ATTEN ,a *
I,, ,
I RF attenuation

RerolLtion V&e0 Full\scale
bandwidth bandwidth svnep time

To blank all the character readouts, press KEY FUNCTION ( o. To restore, press m p.
Manual Operation 33
CRT DISPLAY OVERVIEW CRT DISPLAY