Service Manuals, User Guides, Schematic Diagrams or docs for : Agilent HP 8719D_252C 20D_252C 22D User
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Notice
Hewlett-Packard to Agilent Technologies Transition
This documentation supports a product that previously shipped under the Hewlett-
Packard company brand name. The brand name has now been changed to Agilent
Technologies. The two products are functionally identical, only our name has changed. The
document still includes references to Hewlett-Packard products, some of which have been
transitioned to Agilent Technologies.
Printed in USA March 2000
User's Guide
HP 8719D/2OD/22D Network Analyzer
HP Part No. 08720-90288 Supersedes: October 1998
Printed in USA February 1999
Notice.
The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice.
Hewlett-Packard makes no warranty of any kind with regard to this material, including
but not limited to, the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular
purpose. Hewlett-Packard shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or
consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this material.
@ Copyright 1996-1999 Hewlett-Packard Company
Certification
Hewlett-Packard Company certifies that this product met its published specifications at the
time of shipment from the factory. Hewlett-Packard further certifies that its calibration
measurements are traceable to the United States National Institute of Standards and
Technology, to the extent allowed by the Institute's calibration facility, and to the calibration
facilities of other International Standards Organization members.
Warranty
Note The actual warranty on your instrument depends on the date it was ordered
as well as whether or not any warranty options were purchased at that time.
lb determine the exact warranty on your instrument, contact the nearest
Hewlett-Packard sales or service office with the model and serial number of
your instrument. See the table titled "Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service
Offices," later in this section, for a list of sales and service offices.
This Hewlett-Packard instrument product is warranted against defects in material and
workmanship for the warranty period. During the warranty period, Hewlett-Packard Company
will, at its option, either repair or replace products which prove to be defective.
If the warranty covers repair or service to be performed at Buyer's facility, then the service or
repair will be performed at the Buyer's facility at no charge within HP service travel areas.
Outside HP service travel areas, warranty service will be performed at Buyer's facility only
upon HP's prior agreement, and Buyer shaIl pay HP's round-trip travel expenses. In all other
areas, products must be returned to a service facility designated by HP
If the product is to be returned to Hewlett-Packard for service or repair, it must be returned
to a service facility designated by Hewlett-Packard. Buyer shaIl prepay shipping charges to
Hewlett-Packard and Hewlett-Packard shall pay shipping charges to return the product to
Buyer. However, Buyer shaIl pay all shipping charges, duties, and taxes for products returned
to Hewlett-Packard from another country.
Hewlett-Packard warrants that its software and ilrmware designated by Hewlett-Packard for
use with an instrument will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on
that instrument. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the instrument, or
software, or Iirmware will be uninterrupted or error-free.
LIMITATION OF WARRANTY
The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate
maintenance by Buyer, Buyer-supplied software or interfacing, unauthorized modification or
misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper
site preparation or maintenance.
NO OTHER WARRANTY IS EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. HEWLETT-PACKARD SPECIFICALLY
DISCLAIMS THE IMPLIED WmRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES
THE REMEDIES PROVIDED HEREIN ARE BUYER'S SOLE AND EXCLUSIVE REMEDIES.
HEWLETT-PACKARD SHALL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL,
INCIDENTAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES, WHETHER BASED ON CONTRACT, TORT,
OR ANY OTHER LEGAL THEORY
...
III
Maintenance
Clean the cabinet using a damp cloth only.
Assistance
Product maintenance agreements and other customer assisturn agrm are available for
Hewlett-Rzckurd products.
I;br any assistum contact gour nearest Hewlett-&.&m-d Sales and semrice Om
iv
Hewlett-Packard Sales and Service OfEces
US FIELD OPERA!I'IONS
Instrnment Support Center
Hewlett-Packard Company
(800) 403-0801
EUROPEAN FIELD OPERATIONS
1
IledqIlarters Prance h-Y
Hewlett-Packard S.A. Hewlett-Packard Prance Hewlett-Packard GmbH
160, Route du Nant-d'Avril 1 Avenue Du Canada Hewlett-Packard Strasse
1217 Meyrin a/Geneva Zone D'Activite De Courtaboeuf 61352 Bad Homburg v.d.H
Switzerland F-91947 Lea Ulis Cedex Germany
(4122) 780.8111 France (49 6172) 16-O
(33 1) 69 82 60 60
Great Britain
~Hewlett-Packard Ltd.
Eskdale Road, Winnersh Triangle
Wokingham, Berkshire RG415DZ
England
(44 734) 696622
INTERCON FIELD OPERATIONS
HeadqMrters AnstralIa
Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard Australia Ltd. Hewlett-Packard (Canada) Ltd.
3495 Deer Creek Road 31-41 Joseph Street 17500 South Service Road
Palo Alto, California, USA Blackbum, Victoria 3130 TrausCanada Highway
94304-1316 (61 3) 895-2896 Kirkland, Quebec HQJ 2X&?
(416) 857-6027 Canada
(614) 697-4232
Japan Singapore
China Hewlett-Packard Company Hewlett-Packard Japan, Ltd. Hewlett-Packard Singapore (Pte.) Ltd.
38BeiSanHuanXlRoad 9-l %kakura-Cho, Hachioji 150 Beach Road
shuaug Yu shu lbkyo 192, Japan #29-00 Gateway West
Hai Dian District (81426) 60-2111 Singapore 0718
Beijiq$ china (66) 291-9088
(86 1) 253-6888
l]iiWLWl
Hewlett-Packard `Ihiwan
8th Flooq H-P Building
337 Fu I-king North Road
Ihipei, T&wan
(886 2) 712-0404
Safety Symbols
The following safety symbols are used throughout this manual. FamiIiarize yourself with each
of the symbols and its meaning before operating this instrument.
Caution Caution denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure that, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, would result in damage to or destruction
of the instrument. Do not proceed beyond a caution note until the indicated
conditions are fully understood and met.
Warning Wkning denotes a hazard. It calls attention to a procedure which, if not
correctly performed or adhered to, could result in injury or loss of life.
Do not proceed beyond a warning note until the indicated conditions are
fully understood and met.
Instrument Markings
!
A The instruction documentation symbol. The product is marked with this symbol when it
is necessary for the user to refer to the instructions in the documentation.
YE" The CE mark is a registered trademark of the European Community. (If accompanied by
a year, it is when the design was proven.)
"ISMl-A" This is a symbol of an Industrial Scientific and Medical Group 1 Class A product.
"CSA" The CSA mark is a registered trademark of the Canadian Standards Association.
vi
General Safety Considerations
Warning This is a safety Class I product (provided with a protective earthing
ground incorporated in the power cord). The mains plug shall only be
inserted in a socket outlet provided with a protective earth contact. Any
interruption of the protective conductor, inside or outside the instrument,
is likely to make the instrument dangerous. Intentional interruption is
prohibited.
Warning No operator serviceable parts inside. Refer servicing to qualilled
personnel. To prevent electrical shock, do not remove covers.
Caution Before switching on this instrument, make sure that the line voltage selector
switch is set to the voltage of the power supply and the correct fuse is
installed.
Warning The opening of covers or removal of parts is likely to expose dangerous
voltages. Disconnect the instrument from all voltage sources while it is
being opened.
Warning The power cord is connected to internal capacitors that may remain live
for 10 seconds after disconnecting the plug from its power supply.
Warning For continued protection against fire hazard, replace line fuse only with
same type and rating (F 3A/250V). The use of other fuses or material is
prohibited.
Warning If this instrument is used in a manner not specilled by Hewlett-I%&a.rd
Co., the protection provided by the instrument may be impaired.
Note This instrument has been designed and tested in accordance with IEC
Publication 348, Safety Requirements for Electronics Measuring Apparatus, and
has been supplied in a safe condition. This instruction documentation contains
information and warnings which must be followed by the user to ensure safe
operation and to maintain the instrument in a safe condition.
vii
User's Guide Overview
n Chapter 1, "HP 8719D/20D/22D Description and Options," describes features, functions, and
available options
n Chapter 2, "Making Measurements," contains step-by-step procedures for making
measurements or using particular functions.
n Chapter 3, "Making Mixer Measurements," contains step-by-step procedures for making
calibrated and error-corrected mixer measurements.
n Chapter 4, "Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results, n contains instructions
for saving to disk or the analyzer internal memory, and printing and plotting displayed
measurements.
n Chapter 5, "Optimizing Measurement Results," describes techniques and functions for
achieving the best measurement results.
n Chapter 6, "Application and Operation Concepts, n contains explanatory-style information
about many applications and analyzer operation.
n Chapter 7, "Specifications and Measurement Uncertainties," defines the performance
capabilities of the analyzer.
n Chapter 8, "Menu Maps,m shows softkey menu relationships.
n Chapter 9, "Key Definitions," describes all the front panel keys, softkeys, and their
corresponding HP-IB commands.
n Chapter 10, "Error Messages," provides information for interpreting error messages.
n Chapter 11, "Compatible Peripherals, n lists measurement and system accessories, and
other applicable equipment compatible with the analyzer. Procedures for configuring the
peripherals, and an HP-IB programming overview are also included.
n Chapter 12, "Preset State and Memory Allocation, n contains a discussion of memory
allocation, memory storage, instrument state definitions, and preset conditions.
n Appendix A, "The CITIiile Data Format and Key Word Reference, n contains information on
the CITItile data format as well as a list of CITIille keywords.
.. .
VIII
Network Analyzer Documentation Set
The Installation and Quick Start Guide
familiarizes you with the network analyzer's
front and rear panels, electrical and
environmental operating requirements, as well
as procedures for installing, configuring, and
verifying the operation of the analyzer.
The User's Guide shows how to make
measurements, explains commonly-used
features, and tells you how to get the most
performance from your analyzer.
The Quick Reference Guide provides a
summary of selected user features.
The Progmmmer's Guide provides
programming information including an HP-IB
programming and command reference as well
as programming examples.
The Service Guide provides the information
needed to adjust, troubleshoot, repair, and
verify conformance to published
specifications. Available with Option OBW.
lx
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY
accordq to ISWIEC Guide 22 and EN 45014
hanufacturer's Name: Hewlett-Packard Co.
Manufacturer's Address: Microwave Instruments Division
1400 Fountaingrove Parkway
Santa Rosa, CA 95403- 1799
USA
declares that the product
Product Name: Network Analyzer
Model Number: HP 87190, HP 87200, HP 87220
Product Options: This declaration covers all options of the
above products.
conforms to the following Product specifications:
Safety: IEC lOlO-1:199O+Al /EN 61010-1:1993
CANKSA-C22.2 No. 10 10.1-92
EMC: CISPR 11:199O/EN 55011:1991 Group 1, Class A
IECEOl-2:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 4 kVCD, 8 kVAD
/EC EOl-3:1984/EN 50082-1:1992 3 V/m, 27-500 MHz
/EC 801-4:1988IEN 50082-1:1992 0.5 kV Sig. Lines, 1 kV Power Lines
/EC 555-2: 1982 +A 1: 1985 / EN 60555-2: 1987
IEC 555-3:1982 + A1:1990/ EN 60555-3:1987 + Al:1991
Supplementary Information:
These products herewith comply with the requirements of the Low Voltage Directive
7U2ZYEEC and the EMC Directive 89/336/EEC and carry the CE-marking accordingly.
Santa Rosa, California, USA 4 June 1996
Dixon Browder/Quality Manager
Eumpean Contact: Your knxl Hewlett-Packard Sates and Service office or Hewfett-Packard GmL#l, Department
HO-TRE, Hermnberger Stmse 130, D-71034 B6b@ten, Gennany (FAX AS-7031-14-3143)
Contents
1. EP 8719D/20D/22D Description and Options
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-l
Analyzer Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-2
Front Panel Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-4
Analyzer Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-6
Rear Panel Features and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l-10
Analyzer Options Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option lD5, High Stability Frequency Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 007, Mechanical Transfer Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 085, High Power System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 089, Frequency Offset Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 012, Direct Access Receiver Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 400, Four-Sampler Test Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-12
Option 010, Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Option lCM, Rack Mount Flange Kit Without Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Option lCP, Rack Mount Flange Kit With Handles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
Service and Support Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-13
2. BMcing Measurements
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-l
Principles of Microwave Connector Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Basic Measurement Sequence and Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Basic Measurement Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Basic Measurement Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Step 1. Connect the device under test and any required test equipment. . . 2-3
Step 2. Choose the measurement parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Setting the Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Setting the Source Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Setting the Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 3. Perform and apply the appropriate error-correction. . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 4. Measure the device under test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Step 5. Output the measurement results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Using the Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
To View Both Primary Measurement Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
To Save a Data Trace to the Display Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
`Ib View the Measurement Data and Memory Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6
To Divide Measurement Data by the Memory Trace . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To Subtract the Memory Trace from the Measurement Data Trace . . . . . . . 2-7
`IbRatioMeasurementsinChannel1and2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
To Title the Active Channel Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
Using the Four-Parameter Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
Four-Parameter Display and Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
`lb View AII Four S-Parameters of a Two-Port Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9
TbActivateandConfiguretheAuxiIiaryChannels . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11
Quick Four-Parameter Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Characterizing a Duplexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12
Contents-l
Required Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Procedure for Characterizing a Duplexer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13
Using Analyzer Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
lb Use Continuous and Discrete Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-16
To Activate Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
`lb Move Marker Information off of the Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18
lb Use Delta (A) Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
To Activate a Fixed Marker ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-20
Using the .:~~~~~~~~~~.~.. Key to Acmte a fied Reference M=ker . .
`I' :, 2-21
Using the :~$Il@J ,:, , XJXJ Key to Activate a Fixed Reference Marker . . . . . . 2-22
lb Couple and Uncouple Display Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
lb Use Polar Format Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-23
To Use Smith Chart Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
`Ib Set Measurement Parameters Using Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Setting the Start Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-25
Setting the Stop Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Setting the Center Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
Setting the Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Setting the Display Reference Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-28
Setting the Electrical Delay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
Setting the CW Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-29
To Search for a Specific Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Searching for the Maximum Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Searching for the Minimum Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Searching for a `Ihrget Amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-30
Searching for a Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31
Tracking the Amplitude that You Are Searching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
`lb Calculate the Statistics of the Measurement Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-33
Measuring Magnitude and Insertion Phase Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
Measuring the Magnitude Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34
Measuring Insertion Phase Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-35
Measuring Electrical Length and Phase Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Measuring Electrical Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-37
Measuring Phase Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39
Deviation From Linear Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40
Group Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-40
TestingaDevicewithLimitLines.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : : 2-43
Setting Up the Measurement Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43
Creating Flat Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-44
Creating a Sloping Limit Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46
Creating Single Point Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-48
Editing Limit Segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
Deleting Limit Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-49
RunningaLimitTest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-50
Reviewing the Limit Line Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-50
ActivatingtheLimitTbt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-50
Offsetting Limit Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-51
Measuring Gain Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-52
Measuring Gain and Reverse Isolation Simultaneously . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-56
High Power Measurements (Option 085 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58
Initial Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-58
Determining Power Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-59
Additional Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60
Selecting Power Ranges and Attenuator Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-61
FinalSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-62
Measurements Using the Tuned Receiver Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
Typical test setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
Tuned receiver mode in-depth description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
Frequency Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-64
External Source Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65
Test Sequencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65
Creating a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-66
Running a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-67
Stopping a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-67
Editing a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
Deleting Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
Inserting a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-68
Modifying a Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-69
Clearing a Sequence from Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-69
Changing the Sequence Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70
Naming Files Generated by a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-70
Storing a Sequence on a Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-71
Loading a Sequence from Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-72
Purging a Sequence from Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-72
Printing a Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-72
Cascading Multiple Example Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-73
Loop Counter Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-74
Generating Files in a Loop Counter Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-75
Limit Test Example Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-77
Measuring a Device in the Time Domain (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . 2-79
Transmission Response in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-79
Reflection Response in Time Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-83
Non-coaxial Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-86
3. Making Mixer Measurements (Option 089 Only)
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Measurement Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
. . . . 3-2
Mmumzmg Source and Load Mismatches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reducing the Effect of Spurious Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Eliminating Unwanted Mixing and Leakage Signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
HowRFandIFAreDeflned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Frequency Offset Mode Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Differences Between Internal and External R-Channel Inputs . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Power Meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
Conversion Loss Using the Frequency Offset Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
High Dynamic Range Swept RF/IF Conversion Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
Fixed IF Mixer Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Tuned Receiver Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Sequence 1 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17
Sequence 2 Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-21
Phase or Group Delay Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24
Amplitude and Phase Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27
Conversion Compression Using the Frequency Offset Mode . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28
Isolation Example Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
LO to RF Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-33
RF Feedthrough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-35
Contents-3
4. Printing, Plotting, and Saving Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Printing or Plotting Your Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
Configuring a Print Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3
DellningaPrintFunction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
If You Are Using a Color Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . .... .. .... 4-5
To Reset the Printing Parameters to Default Values . . . : . : : : : 4-6
Printing One Measurement Per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Printing Multiple Measurements Per Page . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Configuring a Plot Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL/2 Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8
If You Are Plotting to a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-10
IfYouArePlottingtoaDiskDrive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11
Detlning a Plot Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
To Reset the Plotting Parameters to Default Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Plotting One Measurement Per Page Using a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page Using a Pen Plotter . . . . . . . . . . 4-17
If You Are Plotting to an HPGL Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-18
Plotting a Measurement to Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
`IbOutputthePlotFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19
TlbViewPlotFilesonaPC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-20
usingAmiPro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-21
Using Freelance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to a Plotter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-22
Outputting Plot Files from a PC to an HPGL Compatible Printer . . . . . . . . 4-23
Step 1. Store the HPGL initialization sequence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Step 2. Store the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence. . . . . . . . . 4-24
Step 3. Send the HPGL initialization sequence to the printer. . . . . . . . . : 4-24
Step 4. Send the plot 6Ie to the printer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Step 5. Send the exit HPGL mode and form feed sequence to the printer. . . . 4-24
OutputtingSiiePagePlotsUsingaPrinter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24
Outputting Multiple Plots to a Siie Page Using a Printer . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Plotting Multiple Measurements Per Page from Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
lbPlotMultipleMeasurementsonaFuIIPage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
lb Plot Measurements in Page Quadrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-28
Titling the Displayed Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Con6guringtheAnalyzertoProduceaThneStamp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
AbortingaPrintorPlotProcess . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Printing or Plotting the List Values or Operating Parameters . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
IfYouWantaSiiePageofValues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
IfYouWanttheEntireListofValues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Solving Problems with Printing or Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32
Saving and Recalling Instrument States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
Places Where You Can Save . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to the Analyzer's Internal Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
WhatYouCanSavetoaFloppyDisk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-33
What You Can Save to a Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-35
Saving Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36
ASCII Data Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
CITIfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
S2P Data Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-39
Re-Saving an Instrument State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
Deleting a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
`Ib Delete an Instrument State File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
Contents4
`IbDeleteallFiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41
RenamingaFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
RecaIlingaFile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-42
Formatting a Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
Solving Problems with Saving or Recalling Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
IfYouAreUsinganExtemalDiskDrive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43
5. Optimizing Measurement Results
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Increasing Measurement Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Connector Repeatability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Interconnecting Cables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Temperature Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Frequency Drift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Performance Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Reference Plane and Port Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Measurement Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Conditions Where Error-Correction Is Suggested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Types of Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Error-Correction Stimulus State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5
Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Choosing Calibration Load Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6
Compensating for the Electrical Delay of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . 5-6
Chi.rifying Type-N Connector Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
When to Use Interpolated Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7
Procedures for Error-Correcting Your Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Frequency Response Error-Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Response Error-Correction for Reflection Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9
Response Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 5-11
Receiver Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Frequency Response and Isolation Error-Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Reflection Measurements . . . . . 5-14
Response and Isolation Error-Correction for Transmission Measurements . . . 5-16
One-Port Reflection Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Full Two-Port Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21
TRL and TRM Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
TRL Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-24
TRM Error-Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-26
Modifying Calibration Kit Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Outline of Standard Modification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28
Modifying Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Modifying TRL Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30
Modifying TRM Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-32
Power Meter Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35
Entering the Power Sensor Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Editing Frequency Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-36
Deleting Frequency Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Compensating for Directional Coupler Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37
Using Sample-and-Sweep Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-38
Using Continuous Correction Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-39
`RI Calibrate the Analyzer Receiver to Measure Absolute Power . . . . . . . 5-40
Calibrating for Noninsertable Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-41
Adapter Removal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-42
Perform the 2-port Error Corrections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-43
Contents-5
Remove the Adapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44
Verify the Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-46
Example Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-47
Matched Adapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-48
Modify the Cal Kit Thru Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-49
Maintaining Test Port Output Power During Sweep Retrace . . . . . . . . . . . 5-50
Making Accurate Measurements of Electrically Long Devices . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
The Cause of Measurement Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
To Improve Measurement Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
Decreasing the Sweep Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51
Decreasing the Time Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
Using Stepped Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-52
Increasing Sweep Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
lb Decrease the Frequency Span . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
`IbSettheAutoSweepTimeMode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-53
`Lb Widen the System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
`Lb Reduce the Averaging Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
`lb Reduce the Number of Measurement Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-54
TbSettheSweepType . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-55
To View a Single Measurement Channel : : : : : : : : 5-55
lb Activate Chop Sweep Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
To Use External Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-56
`lb Use Fast Z-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-57
Increasing Dynamic Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
`lb Increase the Test Port Input Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
`lb Reduce the Receiver Noise Floor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Changing System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Changing Measurement Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-58
Reducing Trace Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
To Activate Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
To Change System Bandwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
Reducing Receiver CrosstaIk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-59
Reducing Recall Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-60
6. Application and Operation Concepts
Where to Look for More Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-l
System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
The Built-In Synthesized Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
The Source Step Attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
TheBuilt-InTestSet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
The Receiver Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
The Microprocessor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Required Peripheral Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3
Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
Processing Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
TheADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
IF Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Ratio Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Sampler/IF Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Sweep-lb-Sweep Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5
Pre-Raw Data Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Raw Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Vector Error-correction (Accuracy Enhancement) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Trace Math Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Gating (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Contents-6
The Electrical Delay Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
Transform (Option 010 Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Format Arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Offset & Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Display Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7
Active Channel Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Auxiliary Channels and Two-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8
Enabling Auxiliary Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Multiple Channel Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Uncoupling Stimulus Values Between Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
Coupled Markers . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-9
Entry Block Keys . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-10
Units Terminator . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-10
Knob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-11
Steo Kevs . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-11
CL-j . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-11
p-J ............... ..................... 6-11
Modifying or Deleting Entries . . ..................... 6-11
Turning off the Softkey Menu . ..................... 6-11
0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-11
I - ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-11
Stimulus Functions . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-12
Defining Ranges with Stimulus Keys .................... 6-12
Stimulus Menu . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-13
The Power Menu . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-14
Understanding the Power Ranges . ..................... 6-14
Automatic mode . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-14
Manual mode . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-14
Power Coupling Options . . . . . ..................... 6-17
Channel coupling . . . . . . . ..................... 6-17
Test port coupling . . . . . . . ..................... 6-17
Sweep Time . . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-18
Manual Sweep Time Mode . . . . ..................... 6-18
Auto Sweep Time Mode . . . . . ..................... 6-18
Minimum Sweep Time . . . . . . ..................... 6-18
Trigger Menu . . . . . . . . . . ..................... 6-20
Source Attenuator Switch Protection ..................... 6-21
Allowing Repetitive Switching of the Attenuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21
Channel Stimulus Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22
Sweep Type Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Linear Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-23
Logarithmic Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
List Frequency Sweep (Hz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Segment Menu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24
Power Sweep (dBm) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
CW Time Sweep (Seconds) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Selecting Sweep Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Swept or Stepped Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25
Modifying List Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Edit list menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Edit subsweep menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26
Response Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27
contents-7
S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
Understanding S-Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-28
The S-Parameter Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Analog In Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Conversion Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-29
Input Ports Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30
The Display Format Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31
Log Magnitude Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-31
PhaseFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32
Group Delay Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32
Smith Chart Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-33
Polar Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34
Linear Magnitude Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
SWRFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-35
RealFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36
ImaginaryFormat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-36
Group Delay Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-37
Scale Reference Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40
Electrical Delay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-40
Display Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-41
Dual Channel Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-42
Dual Channel Mode with Decoupled Channel Power . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-43
Four-Parameter Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44
Customizing the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44
Channel Position Softkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-44
4 Param Displays Softkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-45
Memory Math Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47
Adjusting the Colors of the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47
Setting Display Intensity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-47
Setting Default Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Blanking the Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Saving Modified Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Recalling Modified Colors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
The Modify Colors Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-48
Averaging Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
Averaging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-50
Smoothing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51
IF Bandwidth Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-51
Markers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-53
Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-54
Delta Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-54
Fixed Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-54
Marker Function Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
Marker Search Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
`IhrgetMenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
Marker Mode Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
Polar Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
Smith Marker Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-55
Measurement Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56
What Is Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-56
What Causes Measurement Errors? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-57
Source Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-58
Load Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-58
Isolation (Crosstalk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Contents-6
Frequency Response (Tracking) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Characterizing Microwave Systematic Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
One-Port Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-59
Device Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-65
Two-Port Error Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-65
Calibration Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Measurement Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Device Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Omitting Isolation Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
Saving Calibration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-71
The Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Frequency Response of Calibration Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-72
Electrical Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-73
Fringe Capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-73
How Effective Is Accuracy Enhancement? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-75
Correcting for Measurement Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Ensuring a Valid Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-77
Interpolated Error-correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-78
The Calibrate Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
Response Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
Response and Isolation Caiibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
S11 and $2 One-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
FuII Two-Port Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-79
TRL/LRM Two-Port Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-80
Restarting a Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-81
CaIKitMenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-81
TheSelectCaIKitMenu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-81
Modifying Calibration Kits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
DeBnitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-82
Modify Calibration Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-83
Define Standard Menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-84
Specify offset menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86
Label standard menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-87
Specify Class Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-87
Label Class Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-89
Label Kit Menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-89
Verify performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-90
TRL/LRM Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-91
Why Use TRL Calibration? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-91
TRL %lTlinology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
How TRL*/LRM* Calibration Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
TRL Error Model. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-92
Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-93
Source match and load match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-94
HowTrueTRL/LRMWorks(Option4OOOniy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-94
Improving Raw Source Match and Load Match For TRL*/LRM* Calibration . . 6-95
The TRL Calibration Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Requirements for TRL Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-96
Fabricating and dehning cahbration standards for TRL/LRM . . . . . . . . 6-97
TRL Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-99
Power Meter Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-101
Primary Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-101
Calibrated Power Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-101
Compatible Sweep Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .◦ Jabse Service Manual Search 2024 ◦ Jabse Pravopis ◦ onTap.bg ◦ Other service manual resources online : Fixya ◦ eServiceinfo