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1951-08


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                                                                           HEWLETT-PACKARD


                                                      JOURNAL
                                                       T E C H N I C A L   I N F O R M A T I O N   F R O M   T H E   - h p -   L A B O R A T O R I E S
                                                                                                                                                                                    VOL. 2 No. 12


BLISHED BY THE HEWLETT-PACKARD COMPANY, 395 PAGE MILL ROAD, PALO ALTO, CALIFORNIA                                                                                                          AUGUST, 1951




                            -hp- Distortion Measuring Equipment
                simple, straightforward measure-                                                       The measurement of harmonic distortion
       JL ment of harmonic distortion has always                                                    is based on the definition % distortion =
      been valuable in design, test, and production                                                    (Af + A' + A> + . . .) «/A, X 100, A!
      work. This basic measurement undoubtedly                                                      being the amplitude of the fundamental, A2
      gives as much if not more information about                                                   the second harmonic, etc. Two methods for
      the operation of an amplifier as any other                                                    measuring distortion have evolved from this
      single measurement that can be made. In                                                       definition. In one method, the amplitude of
      spite of the development of more complex                                                      each frequency component appearing in the
      methods and equipment for measuring vari                                                      output of a device fed with a single pure fre
      ous effects of non-linear transfer characteris                                                quency is measured with a special frequency-
      tics, the harmonic distortion measurement,                                                    selective voltmeter or wave analyzer. The
      because of its ease and simplicity, is still the                                              measured values are then substituted in the
      predominant method in use; and the demand                                                     above expression. In the second method, the
      for equipment for such measurements is                                                        amplitude of a voltage containing harmonics
      greater than it has ever been. In electronic                                                  is first measured; then the fundamental is fil
      equipment, where the transfer characteristic                                                  tered out and the rms value of the combined
      of devices such as amplifiers is relatively                                                   harmonics is measured. The ratio of the two
      constant over the frequency range of inter                                                    values, expressed in per cent, is the distor
      est, measurements of harmonic distortion                                                      tion. This second method has come to be
      have a logical engineering basis, since the                                                   known as the "total" distortion-measuring
      results of these measurements1 can be re                                                      method.
      lated to those given by other methods.                                                           -hp- instruments for measuring distortion
                                                                                                               include both the frequency-selec
                                                                                                               tive voltmeter type of instrument
                                                                                                               as well as several different instru
                                                                                                               ments of the "total" distortion-
                                                                                                               measuring type. These vary from
                                                                                                               the complete distortion meter to
                                                                                                               simple filter attenuator sets.

                                                                                                                      DISTORTION METERS

                                                                                                                       The usual test set-up necessary


                     m                   Figure 1. -hp- Model 



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