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2560 Error in Low Curr


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                                         A    G R E AT E R       M E A S U R E       O F   C O N F I D E N C E   B. Keep the insulator clean--Oils and salts
                                                                                                                    from the skin can degrade insulator per-
                                                                                                                    formance, and contaminants in the air
                                                                                                                    can be deposited on the insulator surface,
                                                                                                                    reducing its resistance. Clean the insula-
                                                                                                                    tor with a cotton swab dipped in metha-
                                                                                                                    nol. After cleaning allow the insulator to
                                                                                                                    dry for several hours at low humidity be-
                                                                                                                    fore use, or dry it with dry nitrogen gas.



Problem: Errors                                                                                                  C. Guard the insulator--Use a driven guard
                                                                                                                    that surrounds the insulator; a guard that


in Low Current
                                                                                                                    surrounds the entire high impedance area
                                                                                                                    is even better.



Measurements                                                                                                     Potential Cause:
                                                                                                                 Meter Bias Current
                                                                                                                    Ammeters have some small current that
                                                                                                                 flows when the input is open.

One of the most common causes of error                           3. Water Absorption--Leakage depen-             Remedy
when measuring low currents (<1nA) is off-                          dent on the amount of water that has            Choose an electrometer or picoammeter
set current, which can come from the test                           been absorbed by the insulator.              to minimize meter bias current. Meter bias
setup or the measuring instrument.                               4. Piezoelectric or stored charge ef-           currents can be greatly reduced by enabling
                                                                    fects--The creation of charge unbal-         the instrument's Current Suppress feature
Potential Cause:                                                    ances (and thus current flow) or volt-       with the input terminals disconnected and
Insulating Material                                                 age shift due to mechanical stress.          the Zero Check switch open.
  Current can leak through an insulating                         5. Triboelectric effects--The creation of
material or over its surface. The insulating                        charge unbalance due to frictional ef-
material may itself store or generate charge.                       fects when materials rub against each        Potential Cause:
                                                                    other.                                       Detector Dark Current
Remedies                                                         6. Dielectric Absorption--The tendency              Photomultiplier tubes usually have a
A. Choose a good insulator--Several prop-                           of an insulator to store/release charge      small current flowing even when they are not
   erties are important when evaluating an                          over long periods of time.                   illuminated.
   insulator material:
   1. Volume Resistivity--Leakage of cur-                       For a listing of common insulating ma-           Remedy
       rent directly through the material.                  terials and their characteristics, see the              This current can be cancelled out from
   2. Surface Resistivity--Leakage across                   Keithley Low Level Measurements hand-                the measurement by using the built-in zero
       the surface, a function primarily of                 book, Section 2.2.2.                                 suppression feature of the picoammeter or
       surface contaminants.                                                                                     electrometer.




Specifications are subject to change without notice.
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All other trademarks and trade names are the property of their respective companies.




Keithley Instruments, Inc.                    28775 Aurora Road 



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