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2637 Nanoscale2


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                                     A   G R E AT E R   M E A S U R E   O F   C O N F I D E N C E    noscale structures.
                                                                                                         An excellent example is the carbon nano-
                                                                                                     tube (CNT). CNTs can be manufactured to
                                                                                                     consist of a single sheet of carbon atoms ori-
                                                                                                     ented in a graphite-like structure, rolled up
                                                                                                     into the shape of a tube only a few nanome-
                                                                                                     ters in diameter [2]. The smallest diameter
                                                                                                     tubes are insulators (i.e., large bandgap mate-
                                                                                                     rials). As the diameter of the CNT increases,
                                                                                                     its bandgap decreases. With a large enough
                                                                                                     diameter, a CNT can become a semiconduc-
                                                                                                     tor. At even larger diameters, CNTs exhibit
                                                                                                     metallic properties, acting like conductors.

                                                                                                     Structure and Behavior
                                                                                                     of the Very Small


Electrical
                                                                                                         Particle size and structure have a major
                                                                                                     influence on the type of measurement tech-
                                                                                                     nique used to investigate a material. Macro-


Measurements On
                                                                                                     scopic materials can be viewed with optical
                                                                                                     microscopes. For nanoscopic materials with
                                                                                                     particles smaller than 200 nanometers, a


Nanoscale Materials                                                                                  scanning tunneling microscope (STM) or
                                                                                                     an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) can
                                                                                                     be used. Table 1 outlines the relative sizes
                                                                                                     of particles considered as nanoscopic, meso-
                                                                                                     scopic, and macroscopic.
James Niemann                                                                                        Table 1. Relative sizes of various particle
Keithley Instruments, Inc.                                                                           classifications.
                                                                                                       Classification               Particle Size
                                                                                                     Macroscopic                >300nm
This tutorial explains the importance of           sile strength, phase transition temperature,
                                                                                                                                Varies with phase
electrical measurements to the science of          weight, hardness, electrical and thermal con-     Mesoscopic
                                                                                                                                coherence length
nanotechnology, and presents practical             ductivity, etc. Nanotechnology offers ways        Nanoscopic                 0.5 



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