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2765 Thermistors


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                                    A   G R E AT E R   M E A S U R E   O F   C O N F I D E N C E      tant, because contemporary data-acquisition
                                                                                                      systems have built-in linearization correc-
                                                                                                      tion features making hardware linearization
                                                                                                      unnecessary.

                                                                                                      Temperature Measurement
                                                                                                      Methods
                                                                                                          There are several techniques for meas-
                                                                                                      uring temperature with a thermistor, the
                                                                                                      most common being the two-wire and four-
                                                                                                      wire techniques.
                                                                                                          The two-wire technique works by forc-
                                                                                                      ing current through the thermistor and
                                                                                                      measuring the resulting voltage. The benefit
                                                                                                      is that it's a simple method using only two
                                                                                                      wires, making it easy to connect and imple-
                                                                                                      ment. The main drawback is that the lead
                                                                                                      resistance is part of the measurement, which



Basics of Temperature
                                                                                                      can cause some error.
                                                                                                          In the four-wire technique, a current is
                                                                                                      forced through the thermistor and a voltage


Measurement:
                                                                                                      is measured. However, the current is sourced
                                                                                                      on one set of leads, while the voltage is
                                                                                                      sensed on a different set of leads. The voltage


Thermistors                                                                                           is sensed at a different spot from the source
                                                                                                      current. This means the test lead resistance
                                                                                                      is completely out of the measurement path.
                                                                                                      In other words, the test lead resistance is not
                                                                                                      a part of the measurement.
Dale Cigoy, Senior Applications Engineer
Keithley Instruments, Inc.                                                                            Pros and Cons
                                                                                                          Thermistors have several distinct advan-
                                                                                                      tages over other temperature sensors. For
Introduction                                      temperatures.                                       starters, they are simple to set up and oper-
    Whether in industrial applications like           Thermistors are also less linear than           ate, using a two-wire measurement scheme.
the process industry or in laboratory set-        RTDs. This nonlinearity requires a correc-          They are also fast, because they can be made
tings, accurately measuring temperature is a      tion to linearize it. The Steinhart-Hart equa-      small and can respond to temperature chang-
critical part of success.                         tion helps approximate individual thermistor        es quickly.
    Temperature measurements are needed in        curves for linearity. It describes the resistance       On the down side, the non-linear proper-
medical applications, materials research in       change of a thermistor as related to tempera-       ties of thermistors means they need to be lin-
labs, electrical/electronic component stud-       ture. The equation can be written as:               earized. They also have a limited tempera-
ies, biology research, geological studies, and                                                        ture range and are fragile, because they are
                                                       1/T = A + B 



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